Nouns masculine neuter feminine. Gender of nouns in Russian. Words that do not change by case. Examples

In Russian, one of the main characteristics of nouns is their gender. Let's try to figure it out, and also find out the essence of this term, learn to define, find this category in various texts, and also consider possible exceptions to the rules. Let's consolidate the material with tables.

Of course, many will object: why is this necessary? Now, in the age of information technology, absolutely everything can be found online on the Internet - you just need to type what you are looking for into the search bar.

And the answer is simple - knowledge of the grammar of the Russian language makes a person more educated: after all, everything that a person says or writes shows his culture.

What is the gender of nouns

What does a person need to know about such an element of this part of speech? In general, this category is widespread in almost all languages of the world (with the exception of Armenian and some languages of the Caucasian countries).

This term is understood as the ability of a noun to be combined with different forms of compatible words depending on their gender.

There are 3 types:

male;
female;
average.

It is worth noting: In different languages, the same word can belong to completely different genders.

In addition, the Russian language has a separate variety of this part of speech - general gender, this will be discussed below.

Formally, this characteristic of a part of speech can be defined as follows:

Masculine nouns have the following characteristics:

Features of the feminine gender of nouns:

The neuter gender of nouns is characterized by the following characteristics:

How to determine the gender of a noun

The simplest thing is to ask a question. Then look at the case, compare with the signs presented above. If this does not help, then you need to remember a few rules.

Key Features

Firstly, professions are distributed according to this criterion depending on graduation - and it does not matter what gender the person belonging to it is ( surgeon- husband. R., nanny– female R.).

Secondly, the previous rule is also typical for animals (a cat is female, a woodpecker is male). Moreover, if at the end it is impossible to determine the gender, then grammatically it will correspond to the attribute of the concept defining it: wildebeest- difficult to determine, but antelope(denotes a type of ungulate) – female r., then the searched word will be of the same gender.

Thirdly, for words with a hyphen, the main part (according to lexical meaning or changeability) is decisive. For example: apartment-museum– female r.

Fourthly, for some words it is now difficult to find an explanation of this concept, so they are easier to remember:

rail, shampoo– m.r.;
vanilla, corn– f.r.

Fifthly, abbreviations are determined by gender depending on the keyword of their full decoding ( UN - organization– female r.).

More complex cases

The first thing you should pay attention to are general signs:

for men's:

for women:

for average:

Determination of the gender of geographical names:

the gender is determined by its concept: the Mississippi River (feminine), the city of Delhi (masculine), Lake Baikal (medium);
depends on vocabulary

Chile – meaning “country” – feminine;
Chile - meaning "state" - middle river.

Take into account: It is impossible to determine the gender of plural words (for example: scissors, gates).

Common gender of nouns

Table-memo “Declination of nouns”

Below is a reminder of the declension for each gender.

Genus- a grammatical category characteristic of different parts of speech in the singular and consisting of the distribution of words into three classes, traditionally correlated with gender characteristics or their absence.

There are three types of nouns in the Russian language:

Male (he) Masculine nouns in the singular nominative case have endings -and I, And zero (father, uncle, knife, table, hawk).

Female (she) Feminine nouns in the singular nominative case have the endings - and I, And zero (wife, nanny, night, glory, desert).

Middle (it) Neuter nouns in the singular nominative case have endings -o, -e (swamp, gold, sun, lake, jam).

There is also a class of words general kind, which, depending on the context, can be used in both masculine and feminine forms ( boring, sissy, crybaby, smart, greedy).

Determining the gender of nouns

To determine the feminine gender of inanimate nouns, look at the ending. For animate nouns, the defining feature is that they belong to female creatures ( girl, cat). In order not to confuse the endings of feminine and masculine nouns, you need to substitute the pronoun “she, mine” to check. For example, a song (she, mine).

The masculine gender of nouns is also determined by the ending of the initial form. In order not to confuse the gender of nouns ending in a soft sign, also substitute the pronoun “he, my” to check ( stump, day).

Neuter nouns are determined by the endings of the initial form and by substituting the pronouns “it, mine” ( field, window). Please note that the group of differently inflected nouns ending in the combination -mya also belongs to the neuter gender ( tribe, seed etc.). Among neuter nouns there are almost no animate ones; their number is very small ( child, creature, animal).

Among nouns, there are several special groups, the determination of gender in which is difficult. These include common nouns, as well as indeclinable and compound words.

Correlate the meanings of common nouns with their belonging to animate objects of the female or male gender. For example, slut girl(feminine gender), arrogant boy(masculine). Common nouns include those that denote qualities of people ( glutton, ignoramus, crybaby) or the name of persons by position, profession, occupation ( architect Petrov - architect Petrov).

It is necessary to take into account that the gender of indeclinable nouns is associated with their animateness/inanimateness, specific/generic concept. For animate indeclinable nouns, determine gender by gender (Monsieur, Miss). Nouns that give names to animals and birds are masculine (pony, kangaroo, cockatoo). Inanimate words are usually neuter ( coat, muffler). Exceptions are words whose gender is determined by association with generic names: kohlrabi - cabbage(feminine gender), Hindi - language(masculine), etc.

In order to determine the gender of indeclinable proper nouns denoting geographical names, it is necessary to select a generic concept ( lake, city, river, desert etc.). For example, city of Rio de Janeiro(masculine) Gobi Desert(feminine gender).

The gender of abbreviations is determined by the gender of the leading word of the “deciphered” phrase: UN - United Nations, leading word “organization” (feminine gender).

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Koshevaya O. N., primary school teacher, Municipal Educational Institution “School No. 97 of the city of Donetsk”

Russian language

Subject Gender of nouns: man-male, female, average.

Target: introduce the grammatical feature of nouns - gender; create conditions for mastering the method of determining the gender of a noun through the algorithmization of students’ activities.

Tasks:

Educational:

. develop the ability to see spelling patterns in words, develop spelling literacy, justify the condition of choice;

. to form analytical-synthetic thinking, the ability to group, the ability to generalize, and draw conclusions;

. develop the ability to work in pairs, develop control and self-control skills;

. develop children's speech, vocabulary, and thinking.

Educational:

. teach to determine the gender of nouns;

. continue to work on developing the skill of competent writing and spelling vigilance.

Educational:

. cultivate a love for the Russian language, the need to take advantage of linguistic wealth.

Personal UUD: students’ establishment of a connection between the purpose of educational activity and its motive, self-determination.

Cognitive UUD: independent identification and formulation of a cognitive goal, conscious and voluntary construction of a speech utterance in oral form, selection of the most effective ways to solve problems, structuring knowledge.

Regulatory UUD: goal setting, planning, evaluation of work results, making necessary additions and adjustments to the plan and method of action in the event of a discrepancy between the standard, the actual action and its result.

Communication UUD: planning educational cooperation with the teacher and peers, observing the rules of speech behavior, the ability to express and justify one’s point of view.

Planned results

Knowledge of constant features of a noun;

Ability to apply knowledge in life situations;

Ability to determine the gender of nouns.

Equipment: Power Point presentation, signal cards (m.r., zh.r., s.r.); textbook: Kanakina V.P., Goretsky V.G. Russian language. 3rd grade. Textbook for general education organizations. At 2 o'clock - M.: Education, 2016.

During the classes

I . Organizing time

I hope for you, friends,

You are a good friendly class.

Everything will work out for us.

2. Training - ear massage.

Let's wake up our brain and start working:

pull yourself by the earlobes from top to bottom (2 - 3 times);

pull the auricle up (2 - 3 times);

circular movements of the auricle clockwise and counterclockwise (2 - 3 times).

II . Updating students' knowledge (Slide 1)

1. Exercise for memory development.

A year is winter, water is a river, a blizzard is snow, frost is cold.

Sort out the words according to their composition.

2. Frontal survey(Slide 2)

What part of speech are the words naming the depicted objects?

(nouns)

Prove...

What is a noun called?

What does it mean?

What questions does it answer?

Which nouns are answered by the question who, and which ones are asked what?

What two groups can nouns be divided into?

3. Calligraphy minute(Slide 3)

Uncle Fyodor, the dog Sharik and the cat Matroskin lived in the village.

Name spellings (proper names)

Parse the sentence.

III . Statement of educational problem. Work in pairs (Slide 4)

In order to determine the topic of our lesson, we need to distribute these nouns into groups according to a certain criterion. Words will help you"HE SHE IT".

Icicle, snow, frost, cloud, frost, winter, coat, blizzard, lake.

Try to determine the topic of the lesson based on these 3 columns of words.

IV . Discovery of new knowledge

1. Work according to the textbook.

WITH.25 exercises 39 (oral)

2. Teacher's story.

Gender of nouns.

You understand that the rooster is he, the hen is she, the wolf is he, and the she-wolf is she, the cat is he, and the cat is she. What to do with a rhinoceros, a squirrel, a cuckoo, a mouse, a hawk? Don't they have members of the opposite sex?

You cannot confuse different things: gender and gender. Yes, these words are presented in this way: there is a hippopotamus - and all individuals are so named. There is a cuckoo - and that’s it, there is a hawk - and there is no hawk in the language. In the language!

What if it’s not clear, if the word is foreign? Chimpanzee, flamingo? These are usually masculine words unless the text indicates otherwise. The little kangaroo galloped into the forest.

And so - a bright flamingo, an agile chimpanzee, a cute kangaroo.

Memo (Slide 5)

3. Relaxation exercise

Massage of the wings of the nose.

Tapping the bridge of the nose with your knuckles.

Breathing exercise.

V . Primary consolidation

1. Independent work.

Ex. 40 page 26

Assignment: write down the feminine nouns first, and then the masculine and neuter.

Choose 2 nouns each: masculine, feminine and neuter.

Peer review.

2. Familiarization with the gender discrepancy of nouns.(Slide 6)

The old ladies were having lunch. Suddenly a spoon fell from the table with a clang.

Yeah! - said the Russian woman, remembering a funny old sign. — Some lady came to visit us. The spoon fell!

Why lady? - the German woman was surprised. - A spoon is masculine. So a man must come.

The Russian was indignant:

Well, here's more! If the knife fell, then it would mean a man. The knife is masculine...

Ha ha ha! - the German woman laughed.

Is the knife masculine? No, if the knife falls, it doesn’t mean anything. He is neuter.

The Armenian woman sat silently and looked in bewilderment at one or the other of those arguing. Finally she leaned towards me: “Forgive me,” she whispered, “but I don’t understand anything... I see there’s some kind of funny sign here.” What is it based on? Why can a knife somehow resemble a man or a spoon resemble a woman? I don't understand this.

And in fact, it was impossible to explain to her what this superstition was based on: in the Armenian language (as in English) there are no genders at all: neither feminine nor neuter! Neither in Armenia, nor in England, nor in Turkey could such a sign even be formed.

3. Game task "The sixth odd one".(Slide 7)

Rain, island, horse, shadow, bush, day.

Rye, oven, carrots, fire, laziness, night.

Land, taiga, time, family, relatives, station.

Window, village, sea, field, towel, apple, table.

VI . Application of knowledge and methods of action

1. Creative work. Compiling text using key words.(Slide 8)

Compose and write down the text, determine the gender of nouns.

Winter, frost, snow, powder, snowdrift, bullfinch, field, glass, blanket, fur coat, Snow Maiden, snowman, gift, tree, icicle, ice, skating rink, hockey, firecracker, hat, scarf, feeder, grain, cold, hunger .

On the desk:

Cold _______ has arrived. Snow-white ________ covered the earth.

Lights up everything around. _________ ________ glitters and shimmers. How ________ _________!

Cold winter has arrived. A snow-white blanket covered the ground. The winter sun illuminates everything around. Silvery frost (White snow) glitters and shimmers. How beautiful in winter!

2. Work on riddles.(Slide 9)

Guess riddles, determine the gender of nouns (using signal cards).

She just knocks

There's snow in our window,

We take the sled

And run up the hill!

(Winter)

He comes first in the count,

The new year will begin with it.

Open your calendar soon

Read! Written -...

(January)

Fluffy horse,

Or maybe a hippopotamus

Or maybe just cotton wool

Floats above us into the distance.

(Cloud)

Blanket white

Not made by hand.

It wasn’t woven or cut—

It fell from the sky to the ground.

(Snow)

Her house is on a white cloud,

But she is afraid of the sun's ray.

Silver fluff,

Hexagon...

(Snowflake)

After working all day,

A blizzard swept the mountain.

What kind of slide? What's the name?

You will have to answer me.

(Snowdrift)

Anybody here can be a bird

In the winter cold, treat yourself.

There's a hut hanging on a branch,

It's called...

(Feeder)

The sieve is large, the sieve is blue.

White fluff sows and blows

to forests, houses, meadows.

(Sky)

Wanders alone

Fiery eye.

Everywhere it happens

Warms with a glance

(Sun)

VII . Inclusion in the knowledge system and repetition

1. Work according to the textbook.

Ex. 40, p. 26.

(Independent execution. Mutual verification.)

— Read what endings nouns of different kinds have.

2. Creative work. Work in groups.(Slide 10)

From the letters of each given word, form a new one that retains all the letters of the original word. Determine the gender of the nouns. Underline the pairs that have the same gender.

pine - ... (pump)

fist - ... (doll)

whim - ... (order)

reed - ... (mouse)

kite - ... (lace)

VIII . Homework

Ex. 44, p. 27

IX . Summarizing. Reflection

How to determine the gender of a noun?

Continue the sentences:

In the lesson I learned….. I found it difficult…..

It was interesting to me…. I want…

Thank you for your cooperation.

What is gender in relation to the Russian language, how many genders are there in the Russian language and which ones are distinguished?

Schoolchildren begin to become familiar with this category in primary school, gradually deepening and consolidating their knowledge. In the fifth grade, information about the genus is replenished and consolidated on more complex material.

How many genders are there in Russian?

The following system is presented in Russian:

Feminine gender.
Masculine.
Neuter gender.
Common gender.

The gender of words used only in the plural is not determined.

How many genders does a noun have in Russian?

To determine the gender of a noun, we ask a semantic question about this word: is it mine? She is mine? is it mine?

As can be seen from the table, gender is determined only for singular nouns. Nouns used only in the plural (trousers, glasses, sleigh) are outside the category of gender.

When determining the gender of nouns, schoolchildren often have difficulty with words like “knowledgeable”, “clever”, “fidget” and the like. For example: he was a big fidget and she was a big fidget. Are these words feminine or masculine? This is where the question posed in the title arises: how many genders are there in the Russian language? Scientists have two points of view on this matter: some classify them as masculine or feminine, depending on the context, others classify such words into a special gender - general.

Indeclinable foreign language nouns also cause difficulties. In writing, they resemble words related to the neuter gender. Indeed, most of them belong precisely to this genus, but there are (let's say) exceptions to the rule.

Thus, according to the literary norm, the noun “coffee” is masculine. It would be incorrect to say “my coffee.” This is a mistake, the correct option is “my coffee”.

The noun "euro", by analogy with other names of monetary units, is masculine. By the same principle, the nouns “suluguni”, “sirocco”, “penalty” refer to the masculine. Based on the same analogy, the nouns "avenue", "salami", "kohlrabi" are feminine.

If you have any doubts about the gender of a noun, you should consult Russian dictionaries.

How to determine the gender of an adjective?

Unlike a noun, for which the gender category is unchangeable, for an adjective it is a changeable category and is determined depending on the context. The rule by which the gender of this part of speech is determined is as follows: the gender of the adjective is determined by the word being defined, that is, by the noun.

For example:

The girl was wearing a beautiful (s.r.) dress. (“Dress” is mine, therefore it is neuter, which means the adjective “beautiful” is neuter).
He was a handsome (m.) man. The street is beautiful (f.r.).

Indeclinable adjectives are also distinguished. For example: khaki pants.

Now you know the answer to the question of how many genders there are in the Russian language. We also analyzed their definition using examples. It is very important to be able to determine the gender of a noun or adjective - this will help to avoid grammatical errors.

Genus. There are three genders in the Russian language: masculine, feminine and neuter. Each noun belongs to one of these genders: father, boy, pee A body, wolf, oak, house- masculine nouns; mother, girl, pee A calf, fox, pine, school O la- feminine nouns; animal, tree, wing, field, building, feeling- neuter nouns.

morphological analysis of the word answers

For animate nouns, gender has a real meaning, indicating that they belong to the male or female gender. For inanimate nouns, there is no connection between the meaning of the noun and its gender (even nouns belonging to the same thematic group can have different genders: for example, in the names of the days of the week, the nouns Monday, Tuesday, Thursday- male, Wednesday A. Friday, Saturday O that- female, Sunday- neuter). Thus, for most nouns, gender is grammatical in nature and is determined by a formal feature - by endings in the nominative singular. Nouns used only in the plural have no gender (for example: spirit And. vacation, day).

hot analysis of words by composition

Masculine gender includes nouns ending :
chicken word analysis a) to a hard consonant - house, table, world, city, view;

what is frost adjectives

b) to a soft consonant (including And) - nail, fire, January, stream, hero;
composition of the word seaside c) on w, w, h, sch(without a soft sign) - knife, pencil, key, cloak .

table noun 5th grade

Some masculine nouns, denoting male persons, as well as proper names for men (usually diminutives), have the ending - and I(man, young man, uncle, Borya, Vanya, Sasha, Nikita) .
determine noun case

killed morphological analysis

a) on -a, -i, -iya - country, land, party ;
has long been disassembled by composition b) for a soft consonant - spruce, bed, area ;
union example c) on w, w, h, sch(with a soft sign) - rye, mouse, night, speech, help .
parse the big word as part of speech

a) on -o, -e, -e, -ie- window, sea, towel, gun, skill ;
b) on -me - vr e me,And me, banner, flame .

In this way, neuter nouns are most easily distinguished. Masculine and feminine nouns have partially overlapping forms of the nominative case (for a soft consonant, for w, w, h, sch); It is best to memorize their gender in accordance with the instructions in the dictionary.

masculine and feminine nouns w, w, h, sch. identical in pronunciation, in writing they differ in the presence of a soft sign after the final consonant in feminine nouns and in its absence in masculine nouns ( rye - knife, night - ball);

all animate nouns with a suffix -tel- male ( writer, reader);

all inanimate nouns with a suffix -ness- female ( youth,
nationality, independence).

Morphologically, the gender of nouns is manifested in case endings, syntactically - in the form of agreement with adjectives, pronouns, participles, as well as verbs in the past tense, cf. after e daysday, day ' ;passed(m.), last autumn, autumn has passed(and.), after e It's summer, summer has passed(cf.).

Number. Nouns have two numbers: singular and plural ( book - books, table - tables, teacher - teachers).

Only in the singular some nouns are used to denote substances, materials ( milk, salt, gold), abstract concepts (studying, walking,presence, courage), names of some plants ( potatoes, carrots, onions, strawberries), names of countries of the world, as well as proper names (south, from e ver, Moscow, Volga, Caucasus, France,Warsaw).

Only inplural nouns are used that denote so-called paired or composite objects (trousers. gate, scissors, glasses), names of some substances ( perfume, cream, ink).

morphological analysis of the word we will leave