Safety rules when performing blacksmith work. Safety rules when performing copper-tinsmithing and blacksmithing works. Labor protection requirements during work
labor security federation russian
Workers who are no younger than 16 years old are allowed to do tin work, and those who are no younger than 18 years old to do roofing work, who have undergone a medical examination and, after training, passed an exam according to an approved program. Workers are issued a certificate. Persons who do not have a certificate are not allowed to work.
The organization of the workplace must ensure the safe performance of work. To do this, the workplace must be well lit. When working from scaffolds at openings located above the ground or ceiling at a height of 1 m or more, workplaces must be fenced. When working simultaneously in two or more tiers, it is necessary to install nets and canopies.
All mechanisms, equipment, tools and machines must correspond to the nature of the work performed and be in good working order. Warning signs are posted in all areas where work conditions require this.
It is necessary to store and store materials in strictly defined places.
First aid kits and other first aid equipment are provided at each site.
Each worker is required to check tools and equipment before starting a shift. The following requirements apply to hand tools:
- 1. The wooden handles of percussion instruments should be made of hardwood, smoothly processed and firmly fixed.
- 2. The heads of hammers or sledgehammers must have a smooth, unbroken and slightly convex surface.
- 3. There should be thrust rings on the necks of the wooden handles of hacksaws and files.
- 4. Chisels and bits must be at least 1500 mm long and properly sharpened.
- 5. The sizes of the wrenches must correspond to the sizes of the nut bolt heads.
- 6. The vice should be installed at a height so that its jaws are at the level of the mechanic’s elbow; the vice should be firmly attached to the workbench.
- 7. On the cutting edges of roofing scissors, crumbled places, dents and noticeable marks of dullness are not allowed.
When working with power tools, it is prohibited:
Disassemble and repair the instrument without disconnecting the cable from the power supply;
Change the replacement element without turning off the power tool;
Move from one area to another without turning off the tool;
Leave the tool connected to the power supply unattended.
Power tools are checked periodically. At least once every three months, the insulation is checked with a megger and the results are recorded in a special journal. The tool must be disassembled, checked and lubricated twice a year.
When working with pneumatic tools, it is prohibited:
Attach the tool to the hose and disconnect it from it with the valve of the air distribution device open;
Insert and remove the replacement element with the network air valve open;
Kink the hose or tie it in a knot to stop the air supply to the tool;
Look inside the instrument being blown through.
After work, the worker must:
Wipe, inspect and return the pneumatic tools to the storeroom, release condensation from the hoses, roll them into coils and return them to the storeroom.
Blacksmithing
Labor safety instructions for a blacksmith.
1. General safety requirements
Persons at least 18 years of age who have undergone instructions, training in labor safety and first aid are allowed to perform blacksmithing work.
A blacksmith has to work with hot metal, so he must be disciplined and careful when performing work, know the requirements of these instructions well and follow them accurately.
The blacksmith is responsible for the correct and safe organization of work and for the cleanliness of the workplace.
When forging large-sized forgings on a hammer together with an assistant, the latter must strictly follow all the blacksmith’s orders.
The working tool, which is hot during forging, must be cooled in water, for which there should be a container with water near the hammer.
An anvil for hand forging must be installed horizontally (level) and attached to a chair (an oak block, bound at the top with a separate hoop and dug into the ground to a depth of at least 0.5 m).
The distance between the forge and the anvil must be at least 1 m. In this case, the anvil horn must be located to the left of the blacksmith.
Incorrectly made or faulty tools can cause accidents, so to ensure safe work, a blacksmith should use only high-quality tools.
Hammers and sledgehammers should have a slightly convex surface and fit firmly on hardwood handles.
The handles are made oval, 350-400 mm long for hammers and 600-900 mm for sledgehammers. The handles should have a slight thickening towards the end so that the hammer or sledgehammer does not rotate in the hand.
The hammer and sledgehammer are secured to the handle with a steel wedge driven into the cut of the wooden handle.
Pliers must be made of mild steel that cannot be hardened.
The blacksmith must firmly hold the forging in the tongs with both hands, pointing the handle of the tongs away from himself to avoid being hit by the tongs if the forging flies out from under the hammer.
For round workpieces and forgings, you need to use pliers whose jaws correspond to the shape of the workpiece
Chisels, bits, smoothers, etc. must be made of tool steel and tempered after hardening.
Do not use a wet or oily tool, as when hit by a hammer or sledgehammer, it can easily slip and fly to the side.
When working with impact tools, the blacksmith and assistant (if necessary when performing individual operations) must use safety glasses and canvas gloves.
When forging by hand, the assistant should not stand against the blacksmith, but half turn towards him, so that if the sledgehammer breaks, it does not hit the blacksmith.
Do not use dies, strikers, anvils, as well as hand tools and impact devices with cracks or with a knocked-down impact surface.
When using press shears, the blacksmith must be well aware of the danger of injury from cut workpieces flying upward, jagged workpieces, as well as when working with press shears when inserting his hand into the danger zone, etc.
Do not operate the press shears if there are the following defects in the knives: crack, dent, chipping, dullness and a large gap between the edges.
The starting pedal for turning on the press shears must be protected from possible self-ignition by fallen objects (workpieces, rolled products).
When lighting the forge, the blacksmith must remember that it is necessary to add enough coke or coal into the forge so that the fuel combustion zone is completely covered by the umbrella and does not create resistance to the smoke exit.
The blacksmith is obliged to comply with internal regulations. It is prohibited to consume, as well as be in the workplace, the territory of the organization or during working hours in a state of alcoholic, narcotic or toxic intoxication. Smoking is allowed only in specially designated areas.
In accordance with the Standard Standards for the issuance of PPE to workers of general professions, blacksmiths are issued:
Safety requirements before starting work
Wear the provided protective clothing, canvas gloves and safety glasses. Working with sleeves rolled up or collar open is prohibited.
Check the reliability of grounding of electrical equipment at the pneumatic hammer, shear press, and blower fan.
Check the presence of guards on the gear, connecting rod, crank, belt drives and clutch couplings of the pneumatic hammer, shear press and blower fan.
Carefully check the absence of cracks or other dangerous defects in parts of the hammer, the reliability of the bolted connections, the tightness of the wedges, the serviceability of the starting mechanisms and tools.
Clean the hand tools, upper and lower hammer anvil strikers from dirt, moisture, and spilled oils.
Remove tools, fixtures, blanks, forgings and other items that are not related to the work being performed from the hammer.
Check the serviceability of devices for feeding blanks and forgings under the hammer.
Light the forge and turn on the blower fan.
Warm up the impact instrument and the impacted instrument.
Safety requirements when performing work
After making sure that the hammer is in full working order, pump the cylinder dry, slowly putting the hammer into action.
In the cold season, heat the pneumatic hammer rod at the junction with the head, the hammer and the anvil with pieces of hot metal to 100-200 ° C.
During the forging process, avoid eccentric impacts, as well as idle impacts of the upper striker on the lower one, as this can cause the rod to flange.
Install and remove forgings, linings and other objects from the anvil using pliers and only with the hammer head raised.
Make sure that the pliers do not get hit by the hammer; to do this, hold the handles of the pliers to the side and not against you.
Periodically, during breaks in forging, clean the anvil from scale with a wire brush.
Do not clutter the work area with forgings and waste.
Do not allow unauthorized persons to be in the forge, as they can be injured by flying fragments, metal stumps and scale.
Clean, lubricate and repair the hammer only when it is completely stopped.
Requirements for the placement of production equipment and organization of workplaces.
The placement of equipment must comply with the following standards: All-Union norms of technological design. Cold sheet stamping shops ONTP 04-86, All-Union norms of technological design. Forging and pressing shops ONTP 01-86.
The location of the equipment should ensure the flow of the technological process, convenience and safety of maintenance and repair.
The placement and installation of load-lifting devices in workshops and areas must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the Rules for the design and safety of operation of load-lifting cranes, approved by Gosgortekhnadzor.
The placement and installation of industrial electrical equipment in workshops and areas should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the Rules for the Construction of Consumer Electrical Installations and the Safety Rules for the Operation of Consumer Electrical Installations, approved by Gosenergonadzor.
Each workplace must be equipped in accordance with a standard workplace design project or a workplace design project developed and approved at the enterprise.
Workplaces must be equipped with means and devices that prevent or reduce to sanitary standards the levels of exposure to hazardous and harmful production factors.
The equipment control panel should be located in a place convenient for constant monitoring of the progress of work.
The tool should be located in special tool cabinets, tables located next to the equipment or inside it, if this seems convenient, safe and provided for by the design.
Safety requirements for workplaces of production equipment must comply with GOST 12.2.061.
Working platforms for equipment and ladders for climbing to platforms must comply with GOST 12.2.017.
When performing work while standing, the workplace must comply with the ergonomic requirements of GOST 12.2.033.
When performing work while sitting, the workplace must comply with the ergonomic requirements of GOST 12.2.032.
Measuring instruments (except for measuring rulers), the readings of which require constant monitoring, must be placed in accordance with GOST 12.2.032 and GOST 12.2.033.
For safe placement of materials, workpieces, products, fixtures, dies, punches, etc. workplaces must be equipped with cabinets, racks, tables, containers and other devices.
Stacking of materials, workpieces and parts on racks must be done in a way that ensures their stability and ease of strapping when using lifting devices.
The dimensions of the racks must correspond to the largest overall dimensions of the objects stacked on them and are tested for maximum load.
Special racks for storing materials to be cut with saws must have a height of no more than 1.7 m.
There must be a gap of at least 1 m between racks, as well as racks and the building wall or equipment.
The height of the stack of workpieces and parts at the workplace should be set depending on the conditions of their stability and the convenience of removing parts from them, but not higher than 1 m. The width of the passages between the stacks should be at least 0.8 m. To prevent the collapse of the stacks, as well as falls and parts or workpieces slipping from them, it is necessary to use special devices: frames, racks, gaskets, etc.
Workbenches should be strong, stable and of a height that is convenient for work.
The surfaces of workbenches, tables and racks must be smooth, without potholes, burrs, cracks and similar defects.
Workbenches and work tables must have shelves and drawers for storing and storing tools and drawings.
The distance between the vices on workbenches must correspond to the size of the workpiece (but not less than 1 m between the axes of the vice).
The support of straightening metal plates must be equipped with a sound-absorbing device.
Foot guards used when working on milling machines must be strong and stable. Faulty grilles, as well as heavily soiled and oily ones, must be repaired immediately or replaced with new ones.
Cluttering and cluttering of workplaces, passages and passages is not allowed.
As finished products and waste accumulate at workplaces, they must be removed in a timely manner.
To store a replacement supply of clean wiping material, as well as to store used material, special iron boxes covered with lids should be installed in convenient places. Boxes for collecting used cleaning material must be cleaned as they are filled, but at least once per shift.
Requirements for the placement of equipment for hot sheet stamping:
Stamping and heating equipment (electric furnaces, electric contact heating installations with contacts located outside the working space, radiation heating installations with a stationary heating panel) should be installed along the front in a line or at an angle of no more than 90 degrees. at a distance that ensures the length of the path of movement of the worker with the heated workpiece is no more than 3 m.
Heating installations with a movable heating panel (radiation) must be placed either from the rear or to the left (right) along the front of the stamping equipment.
The width of the passage between stamping and heating equipment must be: at least 1 m for stamping with radiation heating; not less than 2 m when stamping with electric contact heating of a workpiece outside the working space; not less than 1.2 m when stamping with heating in electric furnaces.
Electric contact heating installations (except for contacts and current leads) must be placed outside the workplace.
Contacts and current leads of heating installations must be placed in such a way as not to interfere with the person working during the technological process.
Requirements for the placement of equipment for electrohydropulse stamping:
The placement of electrohydraulic pulse presses must meet the requirements for forging and pressing equipment in accordance with GOST 12.3.026 and high-voltage equipment.
Presses can be installed directly in the workshop.
With limited production space and in accordance with the design documentation, individual units of equipment (GIT, technological part, control panel) can be located in different rooms and on different floors.
All press blocks can be installed directly on the floor of the room without constructing foundations for them.
The control panel should be located taking into account the safety of operating personnel and ease of process control. The minimum distance from the press is 1.5 m.
When installing the remote control, it is necessary to ensure that water cannot get on it in case of an emergency rupture of the rubber diaphragm.
The input switching device must be installed in close proximity to the control panel at a height convenient for maintenance.
For safe operation, there must be rubber mats on the floor near the cabinet doors of the storage and power supply units in front of the control panel.
Requirements for the placement of equipment for hot forging and stamping:
Heating furnaces should be located in such a way that the workers serving them are not exposed to the heat flow from the loading windows simultaneously from two or more furnaces and eliminate the need to transfer heated metal to the deforming equipment along passages and passages.
Tumbling drums must be located in an isolated room, equipped with Equipment for cleaning stampings and forgings (emery machines, mechanized hand tools (grinding machines, etc.) must be located in an isolated room. Equipment for cleaning stampings and forgings made of magnesium alloys must be isolated from the premises, where work is carried out on sanding machines.
The boundaries of passages, driveways, workplaces and storage areas must be marked with clearly visible stripes in accordance with the requirements of GOST 12.4.026.
On forging hammers, the operator’s workplace should be protected by a protective screen that protects him from heat flow and flying scale.
At permanent workplaces near furnaces, hammers, and isothermal deformation presses, where the worker is exposed to increased heat flow, air ventilation must be installed. Showering installations should be equipped with devices for regulating the direction and speed of air, as well as devices for heating the air in the cold season and artificially cooling it in the warm season.
In addition, it is necessary to use mechanical supply ventilation with the direction of supply air to the workplace.
The working area of forging and pressing equipment must have fences to protect workers from possible injury from flying scale, flash, etc.
To cool hand tools, metal containers with water must be installed near the deforming equipment.
The placement of production equipment must comply with the Sanitary Rules for the Organization of Technological Processes and Hygienic Requirements for Production Equipment (No. 1042-73).
Workplaces where it is necessary to constantly lift and move loads weighing more than 30 kg (more than 10 kg for women), when alternating with other work, must be equipped with appropriate lifting mechanisms and devices.
Safety requirements after completion of work
Stop the hammer and smoothly lower the woman.
Remove working tools, fixtures and carefully place forgings and waste in the designated place.
Clean up the work area, clean the hammer from scale and waste.
Turn off the blower fan and extinguish the fire in the forge.
Check the condition of the main parts of the hammer, press shears, report to the foreman about any faults identified in the mechanisms, as well as about any shortcomings noticed.
Upon completion of work, wash your face and hands with warm water and soap, and if possible, take a shower.
During the operation of heating furnaces and hot metal processing, a large amount of radiant energy is released. Thus, when heating large parts, the radiation intensity at a distance of 0.5 m from the furnace reaches 6-8 kcal/cm 2 min.
In addition to the release of radiant heat, in forges there is air pollution from the products of incomplete combustion of fuel and burning of lubricating oils, as well as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, soot and smoke.
Just as in foundries, the individual or small-scale nature of production is associated with a large amount of manual work, which entails cases of injury in the form of burns, bruises, wounds, etc.
The main measures that improve working conditions in forging production are:
1) comprehensive mechanization of production processes, which requires consolidation of forging shops and providing them with the latest equipment and technological equipment;
2) arrangement of rational ventilation and lighting, ensuring good illumination and normal meteorological conditions;
3) preventing overheating of the body by thermal insulation of stove surfaces, using curtains and air showers;
4) systematic check of the technical serviceability of equipment, fixtures and tools and organization of their repair;
5) organization of constant technical supervision of work safety; training workers in safety rules and daily technical supervision of their implementation.
Forge shops should be located in single-span buildings with air flow through side fences. Floors in forge shops are arranged taking into account the provision of the necessary resistance against impacts of cold and heated blanks and forgings, against shocks experienced by the soil during ground work (the floors are covered with clinker, diabase, etc.). Floors must have a smooth, non-slip surface, without potholes or uneven surfaces.
In Fig. Figure 65 shows recommended and non-recommended hammer and leak layouts based on the direction of radiant heat. When designing hot shops, special attention is paid to sanitary and hygienic working conditions and, first of all, to the arrangement of ventilation, lighting, showers, and dressing rooms.
When installing ventilation, one should proceed from the permissible standards and concentration of harmful impurities in the air environment of industrial premises. Good meteorological conditions can be created for the forge shops of shipbuilding and ship repair plants by installing aeration and local suction, by installing umbrellas over the forges. When designing aeration in a forge, the choice of lantern design and location of openings are critical.
In Fig. 66 shows diagrams of correct and incorrect aeration devices.
When designing and installing equipment, the construction of foundations for hammers and presses is of great importance, since a poor foundation leads to disruption of control mechanisms and strong shaking of the building.
The hammer foundation must be isolated from the foundation of the workshop building and other devices. A steel or cast iron chabot is laid on the foundation slab, which, being the support of the hammer, takes on the impact load. If the soil is weak, then the strength of the foundation must be brought to the level of the main soil, by driving piles or expanding the base of the foundation.
Rice. 66. Aeration schemes for the forge shop: a) incorrect; b) correct.
Based on the conditions of isolation from shocks, the distance from the hammer foundation to the foundations, walls and columns is accepted: for hammers up to 1.5 t - 0.6-1 m, for hammers from 1.5 to 3.5 t - up to 2 m.
To operate hammers safely, it is necessary that they be equipped with all necessary safety devices and guards.
Rice. 67. Steam (air) buffer for the hammer.
The hammer cylinder must be equipped with a device that prevents the piston from hitting the top cover of the cylinder and possible destruction of the cover. For this purpose, steam, obedient and spring buffers are used. In Fig. 67 shows the device of a steam (air) buffer. The hammer cylinder is equipped with a safety steam (air) cylinder with a cover1 and piston2 . The short rod of this piston fits inside the hammer cylinder. And the cavity of the lid3 steam (air) is supplied through the pipeline4 . The hammer piston moving upward strikes the safety piston rod2 , as a result of which the latter blocks the steam inlet of the pipeline4 and in the cavity above the piston2 a steam (air) buffer is formed, stopping the movement of the piston.
To prevent parts of the oil seal from falling in the event of its breakage and possible injury to workers, a guard is provided at the oil seal of the lower cylinder cover. Usually the fence is made of mesh or sheet iron with sides curved on all four sides.
For the safety of working under a raised striker, for example, when inspecting and cleaning dies on a hammer, a special device is used to hold the hammer striker in the raised position. In Fig. 68 shows the design of such a device for hammers with a power of up to three tons. On axis 1, fixed in angles 2, block 3 hangs freely, which can be tilted to the side by 180° and driven by lever 4 installed in bearing 5. Retaining rings 6 fix the vertical position of the lever. In the extreme position of the block, the lever handle is locked with a bracket 7 installed on the axis 8; the extreme position is fixed by stop 9. The hammer head is lowered onto the block and held with finger 10 attached to it.
When working with stamping hammers, it is necessary to fence the movement area of the woman. The purpose of this device is to protect those working or passing near the hammer from scale flying off during the stamping process. It is recommended to make such a fence in the form of a double-leaf shield.
To prevent injuries in the event of breakage and ejection of a drift when knocking out a rod or its broken end, a removable fence is installed on the movement zone of the hammer head on its front side. The fencing is made in the form of a shield with holes for observation. The shield is attached to hooks made in the hammer frame.
To prevent accidental activation of the hammer pedal, a guard for the starting pedal is installed. In Fig. 69 shows such a fence in the form of a casing with a movable or tilting flap. Here 1 - casing frame, 2 - casing sheet, 3 - cover with handle, 4 - guides for the cover, 5 - ears for attaching the casing. The casing protects the pedal from above, from the sides and from the front.
Before starting work, the blacksmith must make sure that
hammer, correctly place team members at work places and see all your assistants during work. If the forging is not straight, the blacksmith must take into account the possibility of the chain slipping and move it. To turn forgings under hammers, you should use a special tool (pincers, hooks, etc.). You can install and remove forgings, linings and other objects from the anvil with the striker raised only with pliers. For cleaning, lubrication and repairs, the hammer must be stopped.
To reduce heat generation, it is recommended to equip heating furnaces with thermally insulating removable protective screens, as well as install water curtains in front of the furnace loading opening. If there are lifting cranes supporting workpieces being processed under hammers, it is necessary to provide spring shock absorbers that protect the lifting device from impact loads during processing of forgings.
To ensure safety, the location of forges and anvils in the forge must meet the following requirements:
The distance between the anvils must be at least 3 m, and between the forge and the anvil - 1.5 m, in order to ensure a normal swing of the sledgehammer.
Rice. 68. Device for holding the hammer head in the upper position
Anvils should be mounted on durable cast iron or steel supports. Installation on a strong wooden (oak) chair, bound on top with a steel hoop and dug into the ground to a depth of at least 0.5 m, is allowed. The upper plane of the anvil must be strictly horizontal and rise above the floor by 0.7-0.8 m.
3) A special device should be used to safely and conveniently remove slag from the hearth. In Fig. 70 schematically shows such a device. It consists of an iron tank 1 with a hinged 3 bottom 5. Small particles of slag and unburned pieces of coal falling through the tuyere 4 fall through the tee 2 of the air duct 6 into the tank 1, from where they are raked out through a manhole as they accumulate.
4) Hammers and sledgehammers must always be in good condition and have a slightly convex striker surface. The handles are made of hardwood, oval in shape, 350-400 mm long for hammers and 600-900 mm for sledgehammers. The hammer and sledgehammer must be secured to the handle with a metal wedge; Poor fastening can cause an accident.
Rice. 70. Device for removing slag from a furnace.
5) Chisels whose shank is knocked down or cracked should be removed from use. The serviceability of the striking surface is also required from the bits, tamps, crimps, etc. The bits must have a tapered end to make them easier to remove from the forging.
6) When working with impact tools, you must use safety glasses and canvas or leather gloves.
139. Before starting work on the hammer, you need to check the idle speed of the pedal, the presence of a guard, and also warm up the hammer strikers with a piece of hot metal clamped between the upper and lower strikers. At the beginning of forging, it is necessary to first place the hammer head on the forging at a low speed in order to ensure complete contact of the forging with the plane of the lower striker.
140. When forging with a hammer it is prohibited:
strike with the edges of the striker;
allow idle impacts of the upper striker on the lower one;
insert your hand into the striker stroke area and place the forging with your hands;
wipe the hammer and remove any debris and scale.
141. The anvil must be strengthened and installed so that its working surface is horizontal. It is prohibited to place foreign objects on the anvil. Before you start forging the heated metal, it must be cleaned of scale (with a metal brush or scraper).
142. Forging metal cooled below 800°C is prohibited. Forging metal on a wet or oily anvil, as well as using unheated tools (pincers, mandrels) is prohibited. To avoid burns, do not touch the hot workpiece with your hands (even with mittens). Work that may result in the formation of sparks, scale or splinters is only permitted while wearing safety glasses. When processing forgings heated to a white start (during welding), glasses with blue or smoky lenses should be used. The workpiece must be placed in the middle of the anvil and so that it fits snugly against it.
143. The blacksmith, without warning the hammer hammer, should not place the tool on the forging and change its position. The blacksmith must hold the tool so that the handle is not against him, but to the side.
144. Command the hammerman to “hit!” Only a blacksmith can serve. Upon the command “stop!”, no matter who gave it, the hammer hammer is obliged to immediately stop working.
145. The last blow when chopping should be weak; before this, the forging must be turned 180° and the cut place must be placed on the edge of the anvil. It is prohibited to stand against the end of the forging being cut off. When chopping metal in the direction where the chopped pieces of metal can fly off, it is necessary to install portable shields.
146. The hardening that occurs while working on a forging tool should be removed.
147. The pliers for holding the processed forgings should be selected in size so that when gripping the forging, the gap between the plier handles is at least 45 mm. To firmly hold the workpieces being processed, clamping rings (spreads) should be put on the handles of the pliers.
148. To bend strip material or make ears for spring sheets, special stands for bending spring ears must be used, equipped with a clamping screw to secure the strip. Straightening of springs is carried out only on a special installation. It is prohibited to cut off unheated leaf springs. Leaf springs, springs and cushions are placed on racks in a horizontal position. It is prohibited to place them vertically against a wall.
149. Accumulation of hot forgings and scraps of metal in the workplace is not permitted.
150. Hydraulic riveting clamps must be securely suspended from the ceiling. It is prohibited to adjust the rivet after liquid has been supplied to the clamp plunger cylinder under pressure.
151. Frame repair work should only be carried out on frames laid flat. It is prohibited to perform this work on frames hung on lifting mechanisms or mounted on edges. Vehicle frames should only be lifted, transported and turned over using lifting mechanisms.
152. Straightening of springs can only be done in a specially designated area using the necessary equipment. The area must have sound insulation means (boards, screens, suspended ceiling, etc.).
153. It is prohibited to work on a spring straightening machine that does not have a limit switch for reversing the electric motor.
Safety precautions during forging work
Blacksmithing is a high-risk job, so much attention should be paid to the quality of hand and removable tools, clothing and personal protective equipment.
The blacksmith's clothing consists of a jacket made of cotton fabric, trousers, boots, mittens, an apron, headdress, glasses and protective
helmet In this case, the jacket should have long sleeves with fastened cuffs, and the lower part of the jacket should overlap the waist part of the trousers. The length of the trousers should be such as to cover the top of the boots. Boots should have thick, preferably leather, soles. It is recommended to sew mittens from thick tarpaulin, or better yet, from leather with suede on the outside. The apron is also made of thick canvas or leather. The apron should cover the chest and be below the knees. You can make one pocket on the apron on the chest or on the right side at the waist. (A.G. Navrotsky in his book “Artistic Forging” recommends sewing mittens and an apron also from asbestos fabric, but it is known that asbestos causes cancer.)
When working in a forge, you must wear a headdress - an old felt hat, a beret, a cap, a bandana - anything will do. A hat protects your head from overheating, keeps your hair clean, and prevents it from falling apart.
Before starting work, you should check the serviceability of the hammer and handbrake, as well as the anvil, forge, air ducts and take measures to eliminate any deficiencies noticed. The anvil should be securely attached to the chair and stand stable, and its face should be horizontal. During normal installation of an anvil, its working surface should be above the floor level at a height of 650 - 800 mm, so that the blacksmith, standing on the floor, can touch the surface of the anvil with his fingers clenched into a fist. The distance between the anvil and the forge must be at least 1.5 m, between adjacent anvils - at least 4 m, from the anvil to the passage - at least 2 m. When checking the anvil "for impact", the sound must be clear, ringing, without rattling, which indicates the absence of cracks.
Before starting work, it is necessary to install shields on the side of passages and in other places to protect others from possible damage from flying scale or metal particles, as well as screens to protect from the harmful thermal effects of heating devices.
Before starting work, you should check the tool. It is allowed to work only with a serviceable tool and be sure to use it for its intended purpose. Tools must be placed at the workplace with maximum ease of use, avoiding unnecessary objects in the work area.
The floor at the workplace must be level and dry (not slippery); It should be cleaned in a timely manner and not cluttered with workpieces, waste and other items. There must be clean water in the tool cooling tank. The forge should have a container with dry sand to fill slippery areas.
Before work, it is necessary to clean the working surface of the anvil from scale, oil, water or other possible contaminants, and wipe the wet or oily tool with a rag.
During work, it is recommended to use a protective mask or glasses with safety glasses to protect the eyes from damage from flying particles, and when processing forgings heated to white heat, glasses with a light filter. Do not look with unprotected eyes at bright light (flames), which can lead to weakening and loss of vision.
The presence of persons not directly involved in the work is unacceptable at the workplace. When performing work, you must be attentive, not be distracted by extraneous matters, and not talk.
When forging blanks, it is necessary to observe the forging temperature range. Forging metal that is overheated or cooled below normal is prohibited, as this may cause an accident.
Tools that become very hot during operation should be cooled in a tank of clean water and then dried. It is recommended to remove scale and debris from the anvil with special brushes or a short iron broom.
Before forging, scale should be removed from the workpiece with a wire brush, scraper or light blows of a hammer. The forging must be grasped with pliers so that the jaws of the pliers fit tightly to it, and the handles of the pliers do not close or spring. To securely fasten forgings in pliers, it is recommended to put clamping rings or clamps on their handles. The workpiece must be placed on the anvil so that it fits tightly to it (check this by lightly hitting the workpiece with a hammer). To lift and move heavy workpieces along the anvil, you should use self-clamping (blank) pliers.
When striking, the handles of the tool should be held only to the side of you, and not under you. Do not put your fingers between the handles of the pliers due to the danger of squeezing them. It is necessary to ensure that the hammer is half-turned towards the blacksmith, and not opposite.
Impacts on pliers, tool handles, and idle blows with a sledgehammer on an anvil should be excluded. The end of forging is done with the command “stop”, and not by removing the forging from the anvil. Placing any tool on a forging or changing its position is permitted only after warning the hammer operator.
When cutting metal, the chisel is installed strictly vertically. Chopping is carried out only along the edge (edge) of the anvil, making the first and last blows weak, before the last blow the forging is turned over with the hewn side down. The cut end of the forging should be directed away from you and to the side, making sure that this does not endanger anyone. Strikes with a sledgehammer should be applied directly, with the entire striker.
Upon completion of work, turn off the blower and other equipment.
Precautionary measures when servicing the electric welding unit and when working on it.
The main reasons leading to accidents during electric welding are the following:
a) bruises and cuts when preparing the product for welding;
b) electric shock when touching live parts of an electrical circuit under operating voltage;
c) burns from splashing molten metal and slag;
d) fires from molten metal and slag;
e) poisoning by harmful gases released during electric welding;
f) explosions during welding near flammable and explosive substances and during welding of pressure vessels or containers containing flammable substances;
g) damage to exposed skin areas by voltaic arc rays.
To prevent the occurrence of these causes, the following basic safety rules must be observed:
Work only in dry shoes and on a rubber mat. When working, you need to sit on a dry wooden stool. The wires from the welding machine to the shield and from the shield to the workplaces must be well insulated and protected from temperature and mechanical damage. The electrode holder handle must be well insulated. The electrode holder visor must be in good working order. The body of the welding machine and the transformer casing must be grounded. If you feel an electric shock from touching parts of the welding machine and apparatus that are not current-carrying, you must immediately stop working, unplug the device from the network and inform the electrician about the malfunction of the device. Do not touch live parts of the welding machine with bare hands, as it is connected to an electrical network whose voltage is dangerous to life.
Particular care should be taken when working in damp areas, since in these conditions the current voltage, even 24 volts, is dangerous to life. No less dangerous is the voltage of 40 volts when working in a dry room. During breaks in work or at the end of work, be sure to turn off the current. If welding is carried out on direct current, then it is necessary to turn off the direct and then the alternating current supplying the motor of the welding machine. Touching the forward and return wires with both hands at the same time is fatal. In case of electric shock, immediate first aid is required. The slightest delay in providing assistance can lead to death.
