The message is a participle as a part of speech. A selection of rules: communion. Irreflexive passive participles correlated with a reflexive verb

μετοχή ) is an independent part of speech, or (depending on the point of view) a special form of the verb, which has the properties of both a verb and an adjective. Indicates the attribute of an object by action and answers questions what?, what?, what does he do?, what did he do?, what did he do? The verb features of the participle are the category of aspect, voice, as well as a special predicative form of tense. Adjectival (associated with the adjective) features of a participle are the categories of gender, number and case, the possibility of forming short forms for passive participles, and the syntactic function of an agreed definition. In addition, participles tend to become adjectives: brilliant fire - brilliant performance.

The participle is used in many Indo-European languages, Arabic, Hungarian, and also in many Eskimo languages (for example, Sireniki). In other languages, together with the gerund, it forms a special part of speech - English. Participle, German Partizip.

In russian language

The question of the status of the participle has been and is being resolved ambiguously in Russian studies, but linguists agree that participles are formed from a verb. The formation of participles is closely related to the category of aspect and transitivity. For example, present and past participles can be formed from imperfect verbs, but only past participles can be formed from perfect verbs. In addition, passive participles can only be formed from transitive verbs. Present participles are formed from the present tense stem. Active voice forms are formed using suffixes -ush- growing) And -ash- holding). Forms of the present passive voice are formed using suffixes -om- , -eat- for verbs of the first conjugation ( slave) And -them- - for verbs of the second conjugation ( persecuted).

Past participles are formed from the stem of the infinitive. Active participles are formed using a suffix -vsh- for verbs whose stem ends in a vowel ( holding). Using a suffix -sh- such participles are formed from verbs with a stem on a consonant ( growing up).

Some verbs have specificity in the formation of participles; such verbs include verbs in -is , during the formation of which the original base is truncated ( sat down). From verbs with suffix -Well- It is possible to form two forms of participles, for example, extinguished - extinguished.

Passive past participles are formed using suffixes -nn- (from verbs to -at : read, Lost), -enn- (from verbs to -it And -whose : baked), -T- (from monosyllabic verbs: crumpled).

Passive participles usually have full ( verified) and short ( verified) forms. Short forms vary by gender and number. However, not all present passive participles have a short form. Since passive present participles ( slave, readable) relate primarily to book speech; there are some stylistic restrictions on the formation of such forms. Therefore, from colloquial and some neutral verbs (for example, beat, cover, feed and so on) often passive present participles are not formed. Also, not all verbs form passive past participles in Russian.

Adjectivation

Adjectivation is called the transition of various parts of speech into an adjective, but it is participles that are subject to adjectivization to a greater extent. When adjectivated, participles lose their verbal categories and begin to denote a constant, static, unchanging feature, thus a rethinking of participles occurs. Highlight:

participles turned into adjectives with a figurative meaning ( brilliant career);
participles that have turned into adjectives with new, additional meanings ( thinking creature);
participles that have turned into adjectives denoting the intended purpose of performing some action ( typewriter);
participles turned into adjectives with the meaning of the ability to be subjected to any influence ( inflected nouns);
participles turned into adjectives with the meaning of a state caused as a result of some action ( condensed milk).

Grammatical features

The participle changes according to the characteristics of the adjective. It changes by numbers, by cases, by gender in the singular. The participle can be perfective or imperfective, past or present tense; these signs do not change; for the sacrament they are constant.

Examples of active participle

Rain, watering land.
Horror, flying on the wings of the night.
Human, read book.
fallen leaves from the tree.
Birch, leaning over wet bushes.

Examples of passive participle

Earth, watered rain.
Plant, grown in the garden.
Book, read everyone.

Perfect

The short form of the passive past participle of perfective verbs is used in Russian to form passive perfect forms: the book has been read(present perfect), the house was built(past perfect) the road will be paved(future perfect).

Subjunctive participle

The question of the existence in the Russian language of the subjunctive participle, formed by adding a particle to the active past participle would, is debatable. However, similar forms are sometimes found in the works of N.V. Gogol, and in the form of a stable circulation would be an honor- from many other authors.

Participial

A participle with dependent words is called participial phrase. In a sentence, the participial phrase and the participle are a separate or non-separate agreed definition.

In Russian, the participial phrase is often separated by commas. If the participial phrase comes after the word being defined, it is separated by commas on both sides. When the participial phrase stands before the word being defined, commas are not placed, except in cases where the word being defined is expressed by a personal pronoun.

Program, written in haste, performed an illegal operation.
Written in a hurry The program performed an illegal operation.

Complex sentences can be overloaded with participial phrases:

Woodpecker, hammering tree, growing In the woods, buried snow, falling from the branches, very cold.

Participle- this is an unconjugated form of a verb that expresses a characteristic of a person, an object and arises as a result of an action:

comrade (which one?) who came from Moscow (comrade who came from Moscow);

the brochure (which one?) that I read (the brochure that I read).

The participle combines the grammatical features of a verb and an adjective. In it, as in the verb, there are differences in aspect, tense, transitivity and intransitivity, reflexivity; The participle controls the same case as the verb; the same adverbs can be attached to the participle as to the verb. But at the same time, the participle is declined and agrees with the noun in gender, number and case, like an adjective.

Participles are active and passive, present and past tense. The participle cannot have a future tense.

Active participles

Active participles denote a characteristic of a person or object and arise as a result of the actions of this person or object: a student reading a book, standing at a table in the room.

Active participles are formed from transitive and intransitive verbs, they retain the control characteristic of the verb; active participles of reflexive verbs retain the particle -xia (meeting, met, met).

How are active participles formed?

Active present participles are formed only from imperfective verbs by adding suffixes to the present tense stem. -ush-/-yush-(for the first conjugation) or -ash-/-box-

pish-ut – pish-ush-y (writing, writing, writing);

know - knowing (knowing, knowing, knowing);

knock-at – knock-ash-y (knocking, knocking, knocking);

build - builder (building, building, building).

Active past participles are formed from imperfect and perfect verbs by adding a suffix to the past tense stem. -vsh-(after a vowel) or -sh-(after a consonant) plus generic endings of the adjective:

pisa-l (non-Sov.) – pisa-vsh-y, pisa-l (Soviet) – pisa-vsh-y;

drove (non-sov.) - brought-sh-y, brought (sov.) - brought-sh-y.

Passive participles

Passive participles denote a sign of a person, an object with which some action occurs:

a book read by a friend (a book that a friend read);

house built by workers (house that workers built).

Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs.

Formation of passive participles

Passive present participles are formed from imperfective verbs by adding a suffix to the present tense stem. -eat-(for the first conjugation) or -them-(for the second conjugation) plus generic endings of the adjective:

read – read-e-th (readable, readable, readable);

view-im – view-im-y (visible, visible, visible).

It is impossible to form passive present participles from many imperfective transitive verbs (for example, from protect, beat, shave, bend, warm, hold, fry, measure, wash, wrinkle, drink and so on.).

Passive past participles are formed from transitive verbs of the imperfect and perfect form by adding suffixes to the past tense stem. -nn-, -enn-, -t- plus generic endings of the adjective: read-l - read-nn-y, brought - brought-y, closed-l - closed.

Suffix -nn- joins past tense stems ending in a vowel and I, Sometimes e: sowed - sowed, saw - seen.

Suffix -enn-(or -yonn-) is added to stems ending in a consonant or vowel And, which drops out (in this case, an alternation of the final consonants of the base occurs, similar to the alternations in the formation of the 1st line of the present or future simple tense): bought-l - bought-enn-y (cf. buy), asked-l - asked-en-th (cf. will ask).

Suffix -T- joins the stems of verbs ending in the indefinite form with -to, -to, -to bullshit, and to monosyllabic stems (the prefix is not taken into account): take out-l (from take out) - take out, ko-l (from prick) - kolo-t, wipe (from wipe) - wipe-t-y, bi-l (from beat) - bú- t-th (similar: nailed, broken).

Together with the article “What is a participle in the Russian language?” read:

Hello, dear readers of the blog site. The participle is perhaps the most controversial element in the Russian language. Linguists still cannot unambiguously answer what exactly it is.

Some are absolutely sure that this is a separate and independent part of speech. But others insist that this is just a special form of the verb that resembles.

What is a participle - what questions does it answer and examples

That is why it is very difficult to give a single definition of the sacrament. So let’s write it a little more streamlinedly:

A participle is an independent part of speech or a special form of a verb that indicates a characteristic of an object regarding an action. It simultaneously combines the characteristics of both an adjective and a verb.

What questions does the participle answer (examples)

Let's first remember what questions are answered adjectives and verbs:

But to recognize the participle in the text, find words that would answer the questions “Which?”, “Which?”, “Which?”, “Which?”. Or try replacing them with " What's he doing?», « What did the one do??”, “What did you do?”

Another sign that helps to distinguish a participle from an adjective is the presence they have the following suffixes:

To make it clearer what we are talking about, we will immediately present several examples of participles:

LYING - from the verb to LIE
WRITTEN – from the verb WRITE
WASHED - from the verb WASH

It is interesting that any participle can only be used in the past or present time. But they have no future. For example:

WISHER (present) and WISHER (past)
HUGGING (present) and HUGGING (past)
COLLECTED (present) and COLLECTED (past)

Just for fun, you can try “breaking your tongue” and imagining these words in the future tense. I'm sure you won't succeed!

Signs of a verb in participles (passive, active)

Since the participle is called a special form of the verb, it must also have corresponding verbal features.

Among them:

Signs of adjectives in participles (short, number, gender, case)

In parallel, participles have all the characteristics that can be found in adjectives:

Form– complete and brief
READ – READ (short participle), PAID – PAID (short participle), DONE – DONE (short participle)
Number– singular and plural
FLYING - FLYING, FEEDING - NURSING, CLASSED - CLASSIFIED
Genus– male, female and average
PAINTED – PAINTED – PAINTED, STANDING – STANDING – STANDING
Case- all participles are inflected
READER (nominative) – READER (genitive) – READER (dative) – READER (accusative) – READER (instrumental) – READER (prepositional)

How to distinguish a participle from an adjective

The simplest way to distinguish a participle from an adjective is shown in the figure below.

Adjectives simply show the attribute of an object (noun). For example, "WHITE DAMISES". And participles show a sign of an object by action. For example, “BLOOMING CHAMOMILES”.

How to distinguish a participle from a verbal adjective

This is perhaps the most difficult moment to understand. For example:

How to be? After all, the words are absolutely the same and at the same time they are different parts of speech. All these words are formed from verbs. How to be? Remember the rule:

Participles have only direct meaning. They are not used figuratively. Therefore, any participle can be replaced by a combination of the word WHICH and the verb from which it is formed.
And an adjective can be replaced with an adjective.

For example, the participle in the phrase “THE LIGHT SHINING IN THE DISTANCE” can be replaced with “THE LIGHT THAT SHINES IN THE DISTANCE.” Well, “THE FLOWERING GARDEN” is “THE GARDEN THAT FLOWERS.”

The adjective in the phrase “BRILLIANT ACTOR” can only be seen as a synonym, for example, “TALENTED ACTOR”.

How to distinguish passive participles from verbs

Short forms of passive participles are usually confused with verbs. For example:

How can it be, because the meaning of these sentences is absolutely synonymous. If before the word you can insert the connective “BE” in the past or future tense. You can do this with a participle, but not with a verb. For example:

THE CAFE WAS CLOSED
PROBLEMS WILL BE SOLVED
THE ARTICLE WAS WRITTEN

This trick will not work with a verb.

Rules for writing participles

Many schoolchildren have certain difficulties with writing participles correctly during exams. Especially when it comes to the suffixes “-N-” and “-NN-” and the particles “NOT-”.

Spelling in the suffixes -N- and -NN-

Double letters " NN» written in participles in the following cases:

if the participles have a perfect form, for example, SOLVED PROBLEM;
if there is any prefix other than “NOT”, for example, READ BOOK;
if there is a dependent word, for example, A FIGHTER WOUNDED BY A SABER;
if the words end in “-ovanny” or “-ovanny”, for example, PICKLED CUCUMBER.

There are a few exceptions to this last rule. Thus, the words FORGED (fence) and CHEWED (piece) are written with the same letter “N”, since in this case we are not talking about suffixes, but about part of the root of the words.

One letter "N" written in participles if:

they are short, for example, MEAT EATEN;
there is no prefix, for example, BAPTIZED INFANT;
there is no dependent word, for example, WOUNDED FIGHTER (compare with what was just above);
there is a prefix “NOT”, for example, A RAW DECISION.

And there are also certain exception words. They do not have prefixes, but they are still written with two letters “NN”:

forgiven, bought, captured, deprived, given, abandoned, offended, decided, seen, promised, read, born, caught.

And there are so-called paired participles, in which one or two letters “N” can be written at the same time. And everything depends on the context. There is no specific rule here, you just need to remember these pairs:

OVER (report on time) – OVER (person)
NAMED (above in the text) – NAMED (brother)
PLANTED (flower) – PLANTED (father at the wedding)
DOWRY (to something) – DOWRY (of the bride)

Spelling with the prefix NOT-

"NOT" is written seamlessly in the sacrament if:

there is no contrast or dependent words, for example, UNNOTECTED ERROR;
there is a prefix “UNDER”, for example, LACK OF SALARY;
participles simply cannot be used independently, for example, INDIGENT or HATER.

A apart The prefix “NOT” with participles is written in the following cases:

if there is a dependent word, for example, ERROR NOT NOTICED BY ANYONE (compare with what was just above);
if there is a contrast, for example, NOT NOTICED, BUT MISSED ERROR;
if the participles are short and in the passive form, for example, ERROR NOT NOTICED.

There is also such a concept in the Russian language as a participial phrase. This is what they call a participle with a dependent word. For example:

FAILED
GROWING AT THE PORCH
DOOSED IN WATER

Regarding spelling, the main difficulty with regard to the participial phrase is that it must be separated by commas or not. And there is a strict rule in which exceptions are not allowed.

If the participial phrase comes after the main word, then it is separated by commas.

And if it’s in front of it, then no punctuation is needed. Compare:

A flower GROWING AT THE PORCH died from drought
A flower GROWING AT THE PORCH died from drought

Instead of a conclusion

And there is also such a concept in the Russian language, . This is what is called an additional action to the main verb. For example:

WALKED LEANING
THOUGHT BEING SAD
FALLED ON IMPACT

By the way, regarding the participle, linguists are also arguing about whether it should be considered an independent part of speech or another form of the verb.

Good luck to you! See you soon on the pages of the blog site

Morphological characteristics of the participle.

1. The participle is inextricably linked with the verb, since it is formed from it, therefore it takes over from the verb such signs:

Transitivity;

Returnability.

2. Despite the similarity in characteristics with the verb, participles do not have a future tense form. Only participles that are formed from imperfective verbs have a present tense form: read (imperfective) - reading (present tense), read (past tense); read (perfective) - read (past tense).

3. On behalf of the adjective, the participle has the following signs:

Ability to change by gender (in units), numbers and cases: flying, flying, flying, flying;

The ability to agree with a noun in number, gender and case: a thinking old man, an opportunity taken, boiled milk;

Like qualitative adjectives, passive participles have not only a full, but also short form: P read - read, completed - completed.

Participle categories.

According to lexical criteria, there are two categories of participles: active participles And passive participles.

Active participles- participles that denote a sign of an action performed by an object, object or person referred to in a sentence (text):

A person who reads will always be one step ahead of someone who does not like to read.

Passive participles- these are participles that indicate a sign that appears in an object, person or object under the influence of another object:

A song sung by an artist is a song sung by an artist, a tree cut down by woodcutters is a tree that was cut down by woodcutters.

Features of passive participles.

Passive participles have a full and a short form: read book - book read; watched film - film watched.
Passive participles can only be formed from transitive verbs: watch a movie - watched a movie; listen to music - listened to music.
Phrases with passive participles can be extended by a pronoun or noun that is the subject of the action: an essay written (by whom?) by a student; lasagna prepared (by whom?) by the girl.

The syntactic role of the participle in a sentence.

Participles, like adjectives, can act as a definition in a sentence or :

Nature looked asleep until spring (compound nominal predicate). I've taken it off the shelf more than once read book (definition).

Short form participles also act as compound nominal predicate:

I read the book in 3 hours.

Plan and example of morphological analysis of the participle.

Morphological analysis of the participle are carried out according to the following plan:

1) Part of speech;

2) Initial form;

3) Participle category;

4) Signs of a verb: aspect, reflexivity, tense;

5) Signs of an adjective: full or short form (for passive participles), number, gender, case;

6) What member of the sentence is it?

Example. Our house was built in just six months.

Built - participle, indicates a sign of an object by action, answers the question “which?”; n.f. - built; passive, perfective, irreversible, past tense; short form, singular, masculine; acts as a predicate in a sentence.

For others.

Interpretations of participles vary. Some authors believe that participles are a special form of the verb, others consider them as an independent part of speech. These views are reflected in textbooks. Therefore, do not be surprised if, when you pick up a textbook by another author, you see a different interpretation. The answer to several questions depends on deciding which point of view to follow:

How many parts of speech are there in the Russian language?
What form: the indefinite form of the verb or the participle in the form of m.r. units I.p. - considered the initial form?
What are the boundaries of verb words, how many forms does a verb have?

Because he sees no reason to separate them into a separate part of speech.
Because he patriotically adheres to the views cultivated at the Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov.
Because he considers this position not only scientifically substantiated and consistent with common sense and the broader linguistic context, but also practically useful for the guys.

My scientific preferences may not interest anyone, but practical considerations are relevant to many. Therefore, it is worth dwelling on the last statement. For practical literacy, it is important that children easily and automatically correlate participles with the verbs from which they are formed. This is necessary, firstly, to determine the conjugation of the verb: the writing of suffixes of present participles depends on this information. Secondly, to determine the stem of the infinitive: the suffix of the verb stem of the infinitive must be known to determine the vowels in the past participles. The ability to correctly find the indefinite form of the corresponding verb is one of the universal skills. It will be required constantly: from 6th grade to 11th grade. If we consider the participle to be a verbal form, then the question of finding the initial form, which constantly arises during training, will contribute to the child’s development, awareness of the unified nature of verbal forms, the uniqueness of verbal categories of aspect, transitivity, reflexivity, tense, conjugation. In this case, children better feel the verbal nature of these categories and are more easily oriented in distinguishing participles and verbal adjectives. Finally, this is important for the development of linguistic thinking in general, the study of foreign languages (the assignment of participles to verbal forms has common origins), since such an interpretation is supported by the material of foreign languages, for example English.

§2. General characteristics of the sacrament

1. Meaning: a sign of an object by action. Questions: which one? what is he doing? what did he do? what did he do?

2. Morphological characteristics: Features of the morphological form: participles have the characteristics of both a verb and an adjective.

Constant (unchangeable) signs are the signs of a verb:
- type: NE and NSV,
- transitivity,
- repayment,
- tense (present and past),
- pledge.
Non-permanent (changeable) signs are signs of an adjective:
- number,
- case,
- completeness-brevity (for passive participles).

3. Syntactic role in the sentence. In a sentence, full participles, like full adjectives, are a modifier or part of the predicate, and short participles, like short adjectives, are only part of the predicate.

More details:
for verbal morphological features, see Section 11. Morphology. Verb.
for morphological features of an adjective, see Section 8. Morphology. Adjective.

§3. Participle forms

Participles are: active and passive.

What does it mean?
We know that the participle denotes the attribute of an object by action.
A noun denoting an object is a defined word, and a participle is a definition that expresses the attribute of an object by action. By action - means that the participle does not express any attribute, but only one that in a real situation is associated with the action. Loving mother- this is the one who loves, sleeping Baby- this is the baby who sleeps, studied at school items- these are the subjects that are studied. In this case, two fundamentally different situations are possible:

1) the action is carried out by the object itself,
2) the action is carried out on the object by some producer of the action.

Active participles

If the action is carried out by the object itself, then the participle is called active. Examples:

Boy sitting on the windowsill...

defined word boy, definition sitting on the windowsill (the boy himself performs the action: sitting)

Girl chatting on the phone...

defined word girl, definition of chatting on the phone (the girl herself performs the action: chatting)

Passive participles

If the action is directed at an object, and its producer is someone else, then the participle is called passive. Examples:

Dishes, washed in the dishwasher, sparkled like new.

Defined word dishes, definition of dishwasher-washed (the dishes didn't wash themselves, someone did).

Essay, what I wrote last week got lost.

Defined word essay, definition what I wrote last week(the essay was written by the speaker, it did not write itself).

Passive participles have a full and a short form.

§4. Full - short form of passive participles

Tulip varieties bred in Holland are highly valued throughout the world.

withdrawn- full form

These varieties of tulips were bred in Holland.

withdrawn- short form

The full and short forms of passive participles change in the same way as the full and short forms of adjectives.
Full forms vary by number, by gender (in singular), and by case. Examples:

Variety dark, almost black rose, bred in France, is called Edith Piaf.

withdrawn- unit, m.r., I.p.

We are living in the country, occupying a sixth of the landmass.

occupying- unit, f.r., pp.

Our Houses, located next door, were not at all similar.

located- plural, i.p.

Short forms vary in numbers and units. by birth. Short forms cannot have cases. Examples:

The book has been written and sent to the publishing house.
The novel has been written and even already published.
The essay was written and published in the magazine.
Letters have been written and sent.

§5. Formation of participles

Different verbs have different numbers of participial forms. It depends on the type and transitivity of the verb.

Transitive verbs NSV have 4 forms of participles:

reading,
read
3) passive present participle: readable,
4) passive past participle: read.
Verb read NSV. From NSV verbs, both past and present tense forms are possible.

Transitive verbs SV have 2 forms of participles:

1) active past participle: bought,
2) passive past participles: bought.
Verb buy NE. Present tense forms from SV verbs are not possible.

Intransitive verbs NSV have 2 forms of participles:

1) active present participle: walking,
2) active past participle: walking.
Verb walk NSV. Past and present tense forms are possible from NSV verbs.

Intransitive verbs have a single participle form:

active past participles: absentee.
Verb take a walk NSV. The present tense form is impossible from it.

Attention:

Past participles are possible from SV verbs. From NSV verbs, both past and present participles are possible. There is no future tense for participles.
Transitive verbs can be used to form both active and passive participles. From intransitives - only active participles. The formation of passive participles from intransitive verbs is impossible.

Exceptions:

Some transitive verbs do not have passive present participle forms, for example: beat, write, sew, revenge. Beaten, written, sewn, swept- forms of passive past participles;
Some transitive verbs do not have passive past participle forms, for example: love, seek. Beloved, sought after- forms of present passive participles;
from the verb take forms of passive participles are not formed.

Such exceptions are recorded in dictionaries. For example, see: Borunova S.N., Vorontsova V.L., Eskova N.A. Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language. Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms. Ed. R.I. Avenesova. 4th ed. M.: Russian language. 1988.

For spelling of participle suffixes, see Spelling of participles.

§6. Participles - not participles: verbal adjectives

Learn to distinguish between participles and verbal adjectives.
Participle - if an object is involved in an action, the characteristics of the verb are relevant for participles: aspect, tense.
Adjective - if the action is no longer relevant, the result has become a permanent feature: frozen products, dried mushrooms, boiled meat.

1. Full form

1). The word in full form with the suffixes -n-, -nn-, -e-, -enn- is:

a verbal adjective, if it is formed from the verb NSV and does not have dependent words: uncut grass(from mow- NSV);
participle, if it is formed from the verb SV or has dependent words: purchased newspapers (buy - SV), grass not cut until mid-July ( until mid-July- dependent words)

2). The word in full form with the suffixes -im-, -em- is:

verbal adjective if it is formed from an intransitive verb: combustible (from burn out- intransition.v.), conceivable (from think- intransitive verb.), unfading (from fade- intransition.ch.);
participle, if it is formed from the transitive verb NSV: inflected (from incline), called (from call), indelible (from sweep), unforgettable (from forget), - participles, because transitive verbs NSV.

2. Short form

In short participles, as in full participles, there remains a verbal component of meaning associated with aspect and tense. The film is shot. The letter is written. The picture is hung. The laundry is washed.(action in the past, the result is relevant in the present). Can add: just now, for example: The letter is written just now. It can be transformed into a passive construction without changing the meaning: The film was shot, the letter was written, the picture was hung.

In short adjectives the attribute is constant: She is well-mannered and educated. That is to her In general, these signs are characteristic. You cannot add: just now. Cannot be transformed into a passive structure.

§7. Participial

A participial phrase is a participle with a dependent word or dependent words.

Do not confuse:

The dependent word and the qualified word are different words. The word being defined is the word to which the participle refers, on which its form depends. The dependent word is the word that extends the participle. Its form depends on the form of the participle.

Fog, which landed on the river at night, dissipated during the day.

Defined word - fog. Participle - sunken, the form depends on the form of the word being defined: fog(Which?) sunken- unit, m.r., I.p. Dependent words - on the river at night, the form of dependent words, if they are changeable, depends on the participle: sunken(for what?) to the river- V.p.

Participial - landed on the river at night.

Test of strength

Check your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

Is it correct to assume that verbal morphological features are permanent features of participles?
Is it correct to think that participles change like adjectives?
What are the names of words whose form depends on participles?
- Defined word
- dependent word
Which participles do not have short forms?
- Have valid
- In the passive
- Everyone has
How do short forms of participles change?
- By case
How do full forms of participle change?
- By case
- By numbers and singular - by gender
- By cases, numbers and in the singular - by gender
What determines how many participial forms different verbs have?
- From reflexivity of verbs
- From verb conjugation
Which verbs have all 4 forms of participles: present active, past active, present passive, past passive?
- Transitional air supply systems
- Transitional SV
Which verbs have only 1 participle form: active past tense?
- Intransitive NSVs
- Intransitive SV
- Transitional NSV
- Transitional SV
How many forms of participles can be formed from transitive verbs of SV?
How many forms of participles can be formed from intransitive verbs of the NSV?

Right answers:

dependent word
Have valid
By numbers and singular - by gender
By cases, numbers and in the singular - by gender
From the aspect and transitivity of verbs
Transitional air supply systems
Intransitive SV

A16. Vowels in personal endings of verbs and suffixes of participles

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