What kind of people are the Khazars? Ancient and modern Khazars. Descendants of the Khazars. Hazaras - Afghan relatives of the Buryats From international media about the Hazaras

The target of the suicide bomber was the Hazaras. The goal of Sunni terrorist organizations is to exterminate as many Hazaras as possible and force them to return to Afghanistan. In Afghanistan the situation is no better. Under the Taliban, Hazaras were slaughtered by the thousands. But even today, when Afghanistan is controlled by the occupying forces of the United States and its allies, the Hazaras continue to be killed by the Taliban guerrillas, who still control large areas. What is the reason for such fierce hatred towards the Hazaras? What's wrong with this people and does it have a future?

The answer lies on the surface - the Hazaras are killed due to the fact that they are Shiites surrounded by a Sunni majority. However, there is another reason - the Mongolian heritage. In general, genetic studies prove that a certain part of the Hazaras do have a strong connection with the Turko-Mongol peoples of Central Asia. In the Muslim East, the memory of the Mongol conquest and dominion is alive. Despite the fact that the Mongol conquerors eventually converted to Islam, modern Muslims perceive the descendants of Genghis Khan as infidels. This causes hostility towards the Hazaras even among the Shiites of Iran. For many Iranians, it is not so much their religious similarity with the Hazaras that is important, but their ethnic otherness.

Afghan and Pakistani Islamic radicals skillfully use myths about the number of Hazaras, which, according to clearly exaggerated estimates, is supposedly more than 6 million people. Considering the huge number of Hazaras, it is easier to mobilize Sunnis to massacre them in the face of ever-increasing competition for land. Thus, the Hazara problem is caused by a complex set of political, economic, historical, and also, undoubtedly, religious reasons. The option of a forceful solution to the Hazara issue led to huge casualties among this unique ethno-religious community.

Today, Hazaras live mainly in Afghanistan (2.6 million), Iran (1.5 million) and Pakistan (0.6 million). Scientists believe that the Hazara language is a dialect of the Old Tajik language (Hazaragi) with some Mongolian and Turkic words. Researchers estimate this share of Mongolisms and Turkisms at 10%. The self-name of the Khazars is Khezare. The word hezar means "thousand" in Iranian languages. Apparently, the backbone of this people was made up of those left behind by the Genghisids after the conquest of Afghanistan in 1221-1223. Mongolian warriors of security garrisons—thousands of them—who married local women and over centuries of living in Afghanistan gave birth to a mixed people with their own ethno-cultural characteristics. Mixing with the local population, the victorious Mongols adopted the language of the vanquished. As the Mongol Empire weakened, the Hazaras were increasingly driven out of the fertile valleys of the northeast. As a result, the Hazaras found themselves squeezed in the central, completely mountainous and rocky parts of Afghanistan (Hazarajat), as well as in the north-west of the country. The displacement of the Hazaras into barren territories finally ended at the end of the 19th century, when the Afghan emir Abdurrahman conquered Hazarajat with the forces of nomadic Pashtun tribes, to whom he “allocated” summer pastures there. As a result, the Khazar peasants lost centuries of cultivated land and were subjected to brutal serf exploitation. Many fell into slavery and remained in it until the abolition of slavery during the reign of Amanullah Khan. Due to the expropriation of fertile lands, the Hazaras were pushed onto the rocky mountain slopes. This forced them to master irrigated and rain-fed agriculture. Nowadays, many Khazars are scattered throughout the rest of Afghanistan. Certain groups of Khazars lead a nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyle. Nomads live in huts covered with felt. The bulk of the Khazars live in large tribal settlements on the slopes of the mountains. These villages are surrounded by mud walls with watchtowers at the four corners. Rich dwellings resemble Mongolian yurts, the poor live in mud huts covered with thatch.

The defeat of the Hazaras was also due to the lack of unity in their ranks. The tribal division among the Hazaras of Afghanistan has not been overcome to this day. This is especially noticeable among the Khazars of Hazarajat, where the division into eight main tribes is clearly visible: Sheikhali, Besud, Daizangi, Uruzgani, Jaguri, Daikunti, Fuladi, Yakaulang. There is an opinion that the Khazars do not consider themselves one people, and each ethno-territorial group lives its own separate life. Even if the settlements of eastern and western Hazaras are adjacent, as, for example, at Kalai-Nau in Khorasan, each group lives separately. The uprisings that broke out from the 1880s against the repression of Sunni regimes and neighboring peoples suffered defeats, first of all, due to this fragmentation, when one tribe, promising a joint action, left the battlefield at the decisive moment.

Due to the shortage of land, the resettlement of Hazaras to the cities of Afghanistan and Pakistan is becoming widespread, which leads to a reaction from radical Sunnis who, through acts of terror and intimidation, are trying to stop the waves of Shiite migration. Surrounded by a hostile majority, the Hazaras are consolidating and their tribal boundaries are being erased. This cannot but contribute to the ethnic consolidation of the Hazaras and the emergence among them of an ambitious intelligentsia striving forward. Through the active use of social networks, educated Hazaras have already managed to debug a global information campaign to attract the attention of the world community to the actual genocide of their people in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Despite persecution and economic restrictions, the Hazaras have been able to educate a significant number of their emigrants, and these “investments” are beginning to bear fruit. To a large extent, this was facilitated first by the Soviet and then by the American occupation regimes, which saw the Hazaras as their allies. During the Soviet period, many Hazaras studied in Baku, and in recent years many Hazara students have gone to study in Europe and the United States.

The educated Hazara elite show great interest in the Mongolian peoples and Mongolia. In the USA and other Western countries, Hazaras began to visit Mongolian communities more often and more organizedly and to participate in the cultural life of the Mongolian peoples. The Mongols themselves also “discover” the Hazaras with great interest. In Mongolia, documentaries are made about them and books are written, which arouse great interest among viewers. Quite a few Hazara students study in Mongolia. Many Hazaras dream of moving to Mongolia for permanent residence, although Mongolian society is aware that their mass relocation can lead to unpredictable consequences. And yet Mongolian society sympathizes with the Hazaras. There is an opinion that during the period of repression of the Hazaras in Afghanistan in the period 1995-1998 and 2001-2003. sympathy for the tragedy of this people formed the basis for Mongolian society’s support for the idea of ​​​​sending its military contingent to Afghanistan.

The Khazars are very enterprising and active. The United States is home to the largest Hazara diaspora, comprising tens of thousands of people. Quite a few Hazara emigrants also live in Great Britain (54,230 people), Canada (36,373 people), Australia (90,000 people), and Turkey (33,200 people). Hazaras are actively engaged in business and are ready to invest in the economy of Mongolia. Despite the ongoing misfortunes and tragedies of the Hazaras, this people has a future and it is undoubtedly connected with the Mongolian peoples.

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You know, I’ve been thinking about this for a long time, why our already small people are so scattered all over the world,” Doctor of Philology Boris Okonov said in one of our conversations, “and I still haven’t found the answer. In addition to the fact that there are Terek, Ural (Orenburg) and Don (Buzavs), we also know about the Kyrgyz and Chinese Kalmyks. I'm not even talking about those who were scattered throughout Europe and America by the Civil and Patriotic Wars.

- Yes, but 25 years ago Professor D.A. Pavlov told me about the Hazaras who have Mongolian roots and live in Afghanistan,” I said, “unfortunately, almost nothing is known about them.
- Hazaras? - Tavun Shalkhakov, who participated in our conversation, said questioningly, - my brother met with them in Afghanistan.
- How did you meet, who was he, when did you meet? - Unable to bear it, I blurted out several questions at once.
- During the war, around 1987, my brother served in the Airborne Forces (airborne troops) and was a reconnaissance officer. Naran Ilishkin wrote about him.
- Okay, I'll find out about this. But tell me how he met with the Hazaras?
- Those who fought, who saw the blood and dirt of war, talk little about it. Only when the "regiments" meet, they will occasionally interject: "Do you remember?" - and then there is a long, tense silence. So this is what my brother told me: “During one of the raids, in the reconnaissance group there were two or three young soldiers who had not yet been fired upon, we were ambushed. Based on targeted and calculated shooting, it became clear that the enemy was experienced, and it would not be possible to break through the ring without losses A young machine gunner was wounded, another grabbed his leg - he was also wounded. And then I, still don’t understand why I did this, jumped, rolled behind another cover, threw off my helmet and body armor, grabbed the machine gun, jumped up and shouted at native: “Ezyan zalgsn elmrmud, namag avhar bayant? Avtshatn!" - and fired a long burst from the RPK (Kalashnikov light machine gun). Suddenly it became quiet. Only from the careful crunch of pebbles it became clear that the enemy was leaving. But why didn’t they kill us all? After all, they had an excellent position. This became known later. And then, having called a helicopter and sent the wounded, we moved on. We had a task - to reconnoiter the paths through the pass.

Guard senior lieutenant of the Airborne Forces Gennady Shalkhakov regularly wrote from Afghanistan to the famous journalist Naran Ilishkin for two years. Here are the lines from these letters.
September 1986 “I met a fellow countryman sergeant from the Iki-Burul region. It’s difficult for them, youngsters. I understand them. There, at home, in the Union, it’s calm. And here? Strong physical and moral overload. Mountains. Ambushes. Shooting... But the guys are holding up well...
December 1986 “... The service is going well. The guys are good. We often go to the mountains. There is snow... It can be difficult sometimes... We help the Afghan units, take prisoners, weapons... Oh, how the guys need physical training. .. We underestimate this at home.”
June 1987. “It’s been exactly a week since I arrived at my home company (I was on leave)... In the evening I already went to the mountains. Again I felt the familiar weight of my machine gun. Unfortunately, as in any war, there are casualties. A soldier died on this trip. .. It’s hard, it’s insulting and bitter. I feel sorry for the guy. I’m incredibly sorry... I remember the vacation as something distant.”
December 1987. "... We returned from the mountains. It's cold there. We completed the task... The other day is New Year's. But at this time I will be in the mountains... I am somehow tied to Afghanistan. I want the Afghans to live in peace..."
Short, concise, but succinct lines. It is immediately obvious that a military man wrote. Nothing extra. Later I asked Naran Ulanovich if he said anything about the meeting with the Hazaras. The answer was a short - no.
- Coming out to the slope of the next high-rise building, the scouts sat down to rest. Out of habit, we took up a perimeter defense. No smoking. You can only take a sip of water.
Suddenly, a small dark-skinned boy jumped out from behind a boulder and shouted: “Shuravi, mend, yamaran byanchi,” he laughed and immediately ran away. For a moment it seemed to me that I was in Ketchenery or Yashkul,” recalled Gennady Shalkhakov, “I was ready for any battle, but from this... I was confused and shouted after the boy: “Kembchi, hamahas irvchi?” - but there was no trace of him. At that time, I already spoke a little Pashto and Dari (Afghan dialects of Persian), and my comrades thought that I spoke their language, but I was literally in shock - where did the Kalmyk boy come from? “While I was thinking, he came running again and, coming up to me, said: “Chamag mana aksakalmud kyulazhyanya, joviy!” I stood up and followed the boy, not understanding anything.
Their village was nearby. Old people were sitting at the dastarkhan. The headdresses are made of good astrakhan wool, but for some reason the top is made of yellow silk. They greeted me affably, mixing Kalmyk, Mongolian and Dari, treated me to green tea, and started talking. I asked: “Where are the Kalmyks from here?” They answered: “We are not Kalmyks, we are Hazaras. And we came here during the time of the great and invincible Genghis Khan, we are their descendants, therefore we have preserved the language, customs and traditions.”
Their language was preserved at the level of the 13th-14th centuries, so I didn’t understand some words, but I guessed the meaning. Only listening to the ancient speech did I understand why we survived in the recent battle. And for a moment, imagining the indomitable Mongolian tumens, I thought, these are the kind of warriors it would not be scary to go into battle with.

In confirmation of the words of Gennady Shalkhakov, I found the following lines in the newspaper “Top Secret” No. 1 of 2002 about modern Hazaras: “In the province of Kapisa, I had the opportunity to observe the exercises of the so-called Hazara battalion. I peer into the impassive faces of the soldiers. Their slanted eyes are empty. And they, perhaps, will go into battle again tomorrow. That is why indifference to possible death looks unnatural and frightening. Wild and cruel, among other nationalities inhabiting the country, they have always been considered the lowest caste... And they are ready to fight against the Taliban and die in the name of a ghostly ideas of creating their own state - Hazarajat."

So what kind of people are the Hazaras? The Soviet and New Encyclopedic Dictionaries devoted only 2-3 lines to this people, which say, I quote: “The Hazaras (self-named Khazars), people in Afghanistan (1.7 million people 1995) and Iran (220 thousand people .). The language of the Iranian group. Believers are Shiite Muslims." Modestly and actually nothing was said.
The famous Mongolian scholar BL. Vladimirtsov, in his book “Genghis Khan”, published in 1922, writes that after the murder of his ambassadors, the “Shaker of the Universe” began a war against Khorezmshah Ala-ad-din-Muhammad, who owned Turkestan, Afghanistan and Persia. By the way, it should be noted that it was Genghis Khan who introduced the custom of always protecting and protecting ambassadors, which is strictly observed to this day throughout the world. From 1219 to 1222, having defeated the enemy, Genghis Khan returned to his native Nutug, leaving garrisons in the conquered territory.
During the war years, the Central Committee of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan prepared a brochure for the top leadership of the Soviet army, “Features of national, tribal relations in Afghan society and its army.”
A substantial section is dedicated to the Hazaras. It says: "The Hazaras, the third largest ethnic group, are the descendants of the Mongol conquerors who settled in Afghanistan in the 13th century. They live mainly in the central part of the country - Hazarijat (the region includes the provinces of Gur, Uzurgan, Bamiyan), as well as in a number of large cities - Kabul, Kandahar, Mazar-i-Sharif and Balkh. Total population - about 1.5 million people. They speak a special dialect of the Tajik language (Khazarachi). The largest Hazara tribes, such as the Junguri, live in a vast territory of the western regions - Hazarijat (Central Afghanistan), in the southern part of the country (Uzurgan), in the north (Dankund tribe), northeast (Danwali, Yak-Aulangi, Sheikh Ali) and in the east (Behsud).
The Hazaras maintained their independence for a long time. Only in 1892 did the Afghan emir Abdurrahman manage to conquer Hazarijat with the help of Pashtun nomadic tribes
Here you need to pay attention to the province of Bamiyan, where the oldest Buddha statues were located, 35 and 53 meters high, which were blown up last year by the Taliban.
Our attention may also be drawn to such tribal names as Dzunguri, which obviously means “Zungars” and “Behsud”. Among the Derbets of Kalmykia there is an aran called “beksyud”. It is quite possible that Gennady Shalkhakov met with some of the representatives of the above-mentioned tribes in Afghanistan.
The scientist V. Kislyakov in the journal “Soviet Ethnography” in No. 4 of 1973 published an article “Hazaras, aimaks, Mughals” (on the question of their origin and settlement) - which says: “The problem of the ethnogenesis of the Hazaras has long attracted the attention of researchers. Interest to this people is explained, first of all, by its most pronounced Mongoloid identity among all the peoples speaking Iranian languages...
It is important to emphasize that the very name of the Hazaras is associated with the numeral “Khazar”, which means “thousand” in Persian. And in the era of Mongol expansion, this term meant a detachment of warriors of 1000 people. In general, most folk legends connect the origin of the Hazaras with Genghis Khan and his successors... V. Bartold already called the Hazaras “Iranized Mongols.” G. Schurmann believes that after Timur exterminated the troops of the Chagaytai prince Nikuder, the Hazaras moved to the east, modern Hazarjat, and settled there. They adopted the culture of the local Iranian inhabitants with whom they mixed. According to L. Temirkhanov, the Hazaras are a people formed as a result of the synthesis of Mongolian and Tajik elements.
It should also be noted that not far from the city of Herat is the city of Sari-Puli, which the Hazaras call Sarpul, just as we call Stavropol.

Anatoly DZHAVINOV

PS.The question of who Chinkhiz Khan is and where he came from has long excited researchers. And the final point on it, apparently, will not be reached soon. If, at all, it will ever be staged. I am a supporter of the theory that he had nothing to do with Mongolia. And he had a relationship, like his grandson Batu, with our Black Sea steppes. In my opinion, the Hazaras came to Afghanistan precisely from there. So, this is, in fact, a people related to Russia. True, not for Russians.

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The Hazaras, as the generally accepted theory of the origin of this people says, are the descendants of the Mongol warriors of Genghis Khan, abandoned by the Mongols ca. 800 years ago, during the Mongol conquest of these lands. The English name for the Hazaras is hazara people, from hazār from the Persian word meaning “thousand”, which, according to researchers, may refer to the name of the Mongol units. In the troops of the Mongol Empire, the “thousand” was a combat unit, second in number only to the largest of the units, called “tumen” (Tumen, in the Russian version is also known as “darkness” (temnik, and the city of Tyumen in Russia are derivatives of the word “tumen” Hazaras / number Total about 6 million: In Afghanistan, about 2 million 500 thousand people. In Pakistan, about 1 million people. In Iran, about 1 million people. Also, new large diasporas of Hazaras are present in the West: in Europe, USA, Canada, Australia;Despite the fact that a number of researchers consider the version of the origin of the Hazaras from the local Indo-European people of the Kushans, the majority still adhere to the “Mongolian version” of the origin of the Hazaras. Hazarajat Region So, the Hazaras are a people living in Afghanistan and Iran, but also in Pakistan. But the historical homeland of the Hazaras is the geographical region of Hazarajat (Hazaristan) in the mountainous region of the western tip of the Hindu Kush, in the central part of what is now Afghanistan. Part of the Hazarajat territory is occupied by the province of Bamyan, where the majority of the population (about 60 %) are also made up of Hazaras (the name Bamyan comes from the Sanskrit varmayana - “colored”, in honor of one of the Buddhist monasteries that once existed here).

It was in Bamiyan that until recently there were two giant Buddha statues, blown up by the Taliban in 2001, carved directly into the rock back in the era of the ancient Indian king Ashoka. The faces of these statues had already been damaged by early Islamic conquerors, but the ultra-conservative Taliban movement brought the destruction of these heretical statues located in orthodox Islamic territory to its logical conclusion. The Bamiyan Buddhas were erected at one time to symbolize the triumph of Buddhism on the only passage through the Hindu Kush mountains in these parts. In the valley along which in ancient times the so-called caravans moved. "Silk Road", the capital of the province is the city of Bamiyan. Despite the fact that mountains occupy 90% of the territory of Bamyan province. The climate of the province is characterized by long, cold winters and short summers. Bamyan Province is home to the largest Hazara clan, the Daizangi ("land of the bell tribe", a name said to have originated during the conquest of the Hazaras by the Pashtuns in the 19th century to refer to their slave bells). Also other clans of the Hazaras are Tulai Khan (Tulai Khaan Hazara, in honor of Tolui, the youngest son of Genghis Khan), Turkmani (Turkmani Hazara), Qara Baator and about fifty other clans. In addition to the well-known Bamyan province, the Hazarajat geographical region includes the newly formed Daikundi province by the Karzai government, where the majority of the population (86%) is Hazara. The remaining parts of historical Hazarajat are divided among the Afghan provinces of Wardak, Helmand, Ghazni, Orūzgān, Sar-e Pol, Samangan, Ghowr and Parwan. Parvan). Under the ancient Persians and ancient Greeks, the Hazarajat region was part of the Paropamisada region (a name from Iranian dialects “above the flight of an eagle”). The region was also ruled by Alexander the Great, then by the Hellenistic governments of the Seleucids and the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom. Later, the region was ruled by the Arabs who brought Islam here, and then by the Islamized Iranian-speaking, as well as Turkic dynasties, like the Khorezmshahs; the Mongols began to fight with the latter, penetrating into Central Asia. The Mongol wars, which became the ancestors of modern Hazaras, came to the historical region of Paropamisada by 1220. By that time, the region was ruled by the rulers of the Turkic-Uzbeks of Khorezm - the Khorezmshahs, who founded a huge state in Central Asia. The Mongol conquerors dealt quite harshly with the local population of the future Hazarajat, while Genghis Khan himself was not in Afghanistan, he did not advance further than Samarkand (in modern Uzbekistan). The territory of the future Hazarajat was conquered for the Mongols by one of the sons of Genghis Khan, Tolui, who was with his father on this campaign in Central Asia (one of the Hazara clans bears his name, as already mentioned). The new settlers, who eventually became known as the Hazaras in the region called Hazarajat Hazarajat (Hazaristan), were able to maintain relative independence from neighboring countries and regions for many centuries after the fall of Mongol power. Moreover, although the Mongol army that came to Afghanistan was still shamanistic and speaking Mongolian and Kipchap (Polovtsian) languages, the Mongols it left in Afghanistan, called Hazaras, eventually converted to Islam, and their language became a dialect of Persian. Language of the Hazaras As already noted, the Hazaras speak a language close to Dari - one of the two (along with Pashto) official languages ​​of Afghanistan. Dari, as is known, is a variety of Persian (Farsi) language. Therefore, it is usually said that the Hazaras speak a special dialect of Persian, namely Hazaragi. It is an eastern dialect of Persian with a large proportion of Mongolian and Turkic words. The relatively free life of the Hazaras continued until 1880, when the strengthened Pashtuns (a people who speak a Western dialect of Peridian) under the leadership of the then Afghan ruler Abdurrahman Khan annexed the Hazarajat region to Afghanistan. The persecution of the Hazaras began, whose situation was aggravated by the fact that they are not just Muslims, but Shiite Muslims, while the Pashtuns, like the majority of the population of Afghanistan and the later neighboring Pakistan, are Sunnis. Shiite Hazaras also take part in extravagant Shiite religious self-flagellation ceremonies. After the conquest of Hazarajat, and during the recent period of Taliban rule in Afghanistan, the situation of the Hazaras, who were considered heretics in Afghanistan, was very difficult. In the 1880s, they were even outlawed, killed or sold into slavery. This is exactly what the Voice of Mongolia radio station means when it speaks in the above-mentioned program “about the sad fate (of the Hazaras), full of bitterness and suffering.” At the same time, in modern Pakistan, the Hazaras are periodically attacked by extremists from the Sunni majority, and in Afghanistan they retain the role of a community that is mainly engaged in the dirtiest and hardest work. At the same time, we note that a small number of Hazaras profess the Sunni branch of Islam, in particular part of the Hazara Neumann clan in Afghanistan. Traditionally, Hazaras are engaged in agriculture, including irrigated agriculture, cattle breeding and weaving. But in recent decades, many of them have gone to work in the cities. Despite integration into the large cities of Afghanistan and Pakistan, the social mores of the Hazaras remain quite archaic compared to their ancestors - the Mongols, who in independent Mongolia long ago adopted all European values ​​and created a completely modern society. Let us give two examples of Khazar archaism. In Hazara schools in Quetta (Pakistan), schools for boys and girls are organized on a separate basis. In Afghanistan, in family relations, the Hazaras are guided by a very strict family code, which proclaims the supreme status as the head of the family for the man. There is no question of this in Mongolia. This difference is undoubtedly determined by the influence of Islam on the Hazaras and the general backwardness of social development in Afghanistan and Pakistan. From international media on the Hazaras “Pakistan's Hazara leaders claim that around 600 members of the community have been killed since 1999. Lashkar-e Jhangvi, a banned extremist Sunni organization now seen as an ally of al-Qaeda, has claimed responsibility for most of the attacks." English site United Information Service, American station Radio Liberty - Radio Free Europe, October 2011); A young Hazara man practices parkour in the Pakistani city of Quetta. Expand text “It is believed that a third of the population of five million Kabul, which has grown very much in recent years due to the influx of people from villages to the capital, are Tajiks, their language Dari is the official language of Kabul; but traditionally the hard urban work here is carried out by the Hazaras, a people who profess Shiite Islam and trace their origins to the warriors of Genghis Khan. There are also many Pashtuns in the city, who actually make up the majority of the population of this country,” (Russian TV, 2010); In Afghanistan, the rights of ethnic minorities have long been infringed, says Ibn Sina Al Arimi, one of the founders of the new Afghan University. And he continues: “For example, Hazaras could not serve in the army or study at the faculties of law and medicine. Today these restrictions no longer exist. So young people are catching up” (Russian service, foreign broadcast of Germany “Deutsche Welle”, August 2011); “Afghan President Karzai signed a bill legalizing the application of traditional Hazara family law, a law that should only apply to this minority. Shiite parliamentarians say it is legal recognition of Hazara culture, but many inside and outside Afghanistan have condemned the law as infringing on women's rights. Under pressure, Karzai then promised to review the law. He later signed a separate law that makes violence against women illegal. In July, however, Karzai approved a revised version of the Hazara Family Law, which, among other provisions, prohibited a woman from working outside the home without her husband's permission and also allowed a man to deprive his wife of food if she refused to have sex with him. communication” (Afghanistan-Year-In-Review-2009 Encyclopædia Britannica Online 2010); Hazaras in Pakistan On the territory of the future Pakistan, the Hazaras appeared at the beginning of the 19th century, when local princes became stronger there and the power of the Great Mughals weakened, in other words, the resettlement of Hazara workers to the future Pakistani territory occurred several decades before the inclusion of these territories into British India. In the modern period, a half-million Hazara community lives in the Pakistani province of Balochistan and its center - the city of Quetta (Note that the Baluchis are related in language to the Hazaras, but unlike the Haareans, the Baluchis are Sunnis). In Pakistan, the Hazaras are a religious Shia minority, unlike in predominantly Shia Iran, where many Hazaras have also emigrated in search of a better life.

The Hazaras are a people living in Afghanistan. The number is quite decent. They also live in Pakistan and Iran. The majority live in Afghanistan. The exact number of this people is unknown. The media sometimes mentions figures of 3-5 million people. The topic of the Hazaras is known to a narrow circle of scientists. Lufti Temirkhanov wrote a book about the Hazaras “The Hazaras” (Essays on New History). Muhammad Azim also published his work about them in 1898 in Tashkent, “Heza-ristan, Turkmen Military District. Headquarters. Information concerning countries adjacent to the Turkestan Military District." In Soviet times, during the entry of troops into the Republic of Afghanistan to provide international assistance, the soldiers who fought there met with representatives of this people more than once. I mean those soldiers who were drafted from Kalmykia. You've probably heard before about the Salang pass (isn't it similar to the Kalmyk Solng), where fierce battles took place between limited troops and the Mujahideen. Hazaras also live in this area. This is not a complete list of internationalist soldiers who, one way or another, came into contact with the Hazaras, this is Art. Lieutenant Shalkhakov G., teacher of the secondary school of the Iki-Burul district P. Kukudaev, Dordzhiev and some others. P. Kukudaev recalls: “It was in October 1981. Our group received another task. I served as part of a special forces battalion. At one of the passes there was a village where Hazaras lived; I learned about them later. In this area our troops encountered great difficulties. Military columns passing through this pass suffered heavy losses. We received an order to destroy this village. The group was dropped from helicopters 15-20 km from the area. The column had to pass through this village and the pass. So the task was received... On the approach to the village we made a short stop. The lookout through binoculars saw an elderly Afghan woman approaching the irrigation ditch. The commander ordered to take her. The woman was taken. In our group we had Uzbeks and Tajiks who knew Afghan languages: Farsi, Dari, Pashto and could interrogate this woman. I didn't approach them. After a while, the guys come up to me and say: “Petya, maybe you can try to interrogate her, she doesn’t understand us.” I walk up to her and am literally speechless from what I hear, I don’t understand, as if I were in my homeland. An elderly woman is on her knees, with her hands folded in her palms, wailing: “Bichә namag altn, bichә namag altn...”. Having come to my senses, I shouted to her: “Tanig kun alshgo, bichә әәтн! "The woman suddenly fell silent out of surprise, then began to cry and began to lament again: “I, khәәmn, I dәrk, I, khәәmn, mana kel meddg kүn bәәҗ!” I left the woman and went to the commander to report: “Comrade captain, our task has been completed, consider that the village is in our hands...”. “How was it done, because we haven’t done anything yet?!” - says the commander. I tell him that I’m going to the village now. If I’m not there in half an hour, hit the village. Helped a woman carry water. I asked her for one of the elders to come out. A gray-haired old man in a turban came out and looked in my direction in surprise, as if not believing how a Soviet soldier could speak their language, but, unable to restrain himself, he said: “Mend, shuravi, gerad or.” I went into the house, sat down on the carpet, and immediately brought tea. At first I was so surprised to hear my native speech far from my homeland that I completely forgot where I was and for what purpose. When the old man began to speak, I came to my senses again and answered him: “Tanakhs kuchta kevәr dәәldnә, mana cerg nam yayahan medҗәkhsh...”. Then I continue: “Nand ahlachnr bәәnә, tigәd oda yaakhmb?” The old man replies: “Entn oda aalta yosn orҗ yovna.” En үүмәтә tsagt arh uga bolad, biyәn kharskh bolҗanavidn.” I tell him: “En tsagas avn tadnig mana tserg kondikhn uga.” More gisntn hoosn ug. Tanakhs nand itkhin tөlәd yun kergtә?” “Madnd bu boln huyr kergta,” answered the old man. Compared to how many of our soldiers they put in this area and how many more they could put in, the old man’s request was insignificant. They really knew how to fight, you can’t say anything. Sitting with the old man, drinking tea, I repeatedly heard him say to his grandchildren: “Bolҗ tagchg bәәtskhәtn, һartskhatn” and so on... Hazara women speak only their own language, and men also speak Pashto and Dari, as history has decreed. . Pashto and Dari are the main languages ​​in Afghanistan. Here is the testimony of another internationalist warrior, we will not name him. He says: “Once at one time, as a result of a cleansing operation, many Afghans were captured. We lined them up. Walking along the line, I suddenly heard Kalmyk speech. I was surprised... Where could there be Kalmyks here in Afghanistan.” I looked closer and saw several Afghans talking to each other in the Kalmyk language. Naturally, I understood perfectly what they were talking about. Some time later, after the trial, I took one of them aside and began to talk to him in the Kalmyk language, he was so surprised and excited that for some time he was speechless... These Afghans were peasants. Then we sent them home. These simple Afghan peasants then repeatedly invited me to visit for tea; naturally, I visited them more than once and spoke with them in my native language... That’s when I first met the Hazaras. Previously, they were all dushmans for me.” Another witness to that incomprehensible war. “During the battle with the dushmans, we were surrounded. We were left with two officers and three soldiers. I was then the commander of an assault company. The ammunition is out. The machine gun had half a magazine left (that’s what soldiers call the horn of a machine gun, where they stuff cartridges). The situation was terrible. The dushmans were shooting from the gorges above, and we were below. We were surrounded. There was no exit. In a fit of rage, I took a machine gun and started shooting at the dushmans, while cursing them in every possible way in the Kalmyk language. Suddenly the shooting ended. Only by the careful crunch of pebbles did it become clear that the enemy was leaving. But why didn't they kill us all? After all, they had an excellent position. This became known later. And then, having called a helicopter and sent the wounded, we moved on. We had a task - to reconnoiter the paths through the pass. Guard senior lieutenant of the Airborne Forces Gennady Shalkhakov regularly wrote from Afghanistan to the famous journalist Naran Ilishkin for two years. Here are the lines from these letters. September 1986 “I met a fellow countryman sergeant from the Iki-Burul region. It’s difficult for them, youngsters. I understand them. There, at home, in the Union, it’s calm. And here? Strong physical and moral overload. Mountains. Ambushes. Shooting... But the guys are holding up well."... December 1986 "... The service is going well. The guys are good. We often go to the mountains. There is snow... It can be difficult sometimes... We help the Afghan units, take prisoners, weapons... Oh, how the guys need physical training... We underestimate this at home.” June 1987. “It’s been exactly a week since I arrived at my home company (I was on leave)... In the evening I already went to the mountains. Again I felt the familiar weight of my machine gun. Unfortunately, as in any war, there are casualties. A soldier died on this trip. .. It’s hard, it’s insulting and bitter. I feel sorry for the guy. I’m incredibly sorry... I remember the vacation as something distant.” December 1987. "... We returned from the mountains. It's cold there. We completed the task... The other day is New Year's. But at this time I will be in the mountains... I am somehow tied to Afghanistan. I want the Afghans to live in peace..." Short, concise, but succinct lines. It is immediately obvious that a military man wrote. Nothing extra. Later I asked Naran Ulanovich if he said anything about the meeting with the Hazaras. The answer was a short - no. - Coming out to the slope of the next high-rise building, the scouts sat down to rest. Out of habit, we took up a perimeter defense. No smoking. You can only take a sip of water. Suddenly, a small dark-skinned boy jumped out from behind a boulder and shouted: “Shuravi, mend, yamaran byanchi,” he laughed and immediately ran away. For a moment it seemed to me that I was in Ketchenery or Yashkul,” recalled Gennady Shalkhakov, “I was ready for any battle, but from this... I was confused and shouted after the boy: “Kembchi, hamahas irvchi?” - but there was no trace of him. At that time, I already spoke a little Pashto and Dari (Afghan dialects of Persian), and my comrades thought that I spoke their language, but I was literally in shock - where did the Kalmyk boy come from? " While I was thinking, he came running again and, approaching me, said: “Chamag mana aksakalmud kyulazhyanya, yoviy!” I got up and followed the boy, not understanding anything. Their village was not far away. Old men were sitting at the dastarkhan. Headdresses made of good astrakhan , but for some reason the top is made of yellow silk. They greeted me affably, mixing Kalmyk, Mongolian and Dari, treated me to green tea, and started talking. I asked: “Where are the Kalmyks from here? " They replied: "We are not Kalmyks, we are Hazaras. And they came here during the time of the great Genghis Khan, we are their descendants, therefore we have preserved the language, customs and traditions. "Their language was preserved at the level of the 13th-14th centuries, so I didn’t understand some words, but I guessed the meaning. Only listening to the ancient speech did I understand why we survived in the recent battle. And for a moment, imagining the indomitable Mongolian tumens, I thought, with what kind of warriors would not be afraid to go into battle. In confirmation of the words of Gennady Shalkhakov, I found the following lines in the newspaper “Top Secret” No. 1 of 2002 about modern Hazaras: “In the province of Kapisa, I had the opportunity to observe the exercises of the so-called Hazara battalion. I peer into the impassive faces of the soldiers. Their slanted eyes are empty. And they, perhaps, will go into battle again tomorrow. That is why indifference to possible death looks unnatural and frightening. Wild and cruel, among other nationalities inhabiting the country, they have always been considered the lowest caste... And they are ready to fight against the Taliban and die in the name of the illusory idea of ​​creating their own state - Hazarajat." So what kind of people are the Hazaras? Soviet and New Encyclopedic Dictionaries Only 2-3 lines were dedicated to this people, which say, I quote: “The Hazaras (self-called Khazars), the people in Afghanistan (1.7 million people 1995) and Iran (220 thousand. people). Language of the Iranian group. The believers are Shia Muslims." Modestly and in fact nothing is said. The famous Mongolian scholar B.L. Vladimirtsov, in his book "Genghis Khan", published in 1922, writes that after the murder of his ambassadors, the "Shaker of the Universe" began a war against Khorezmshah Ala-ad -din-Muhammad, who belonged to Turkestan, Afghanistan and Persia. By the way, it should be noted that it was Genghis Khan who introduced the custom of always protecting and protecting ambassadors, which is strictly observed to this day throughout the world. From 1219 to 1222, having defeated enemy, Genghis Khan returned to his native Nutug, leaving garrisons on the conquered territory. During the war years, the Central Committee of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan prepared a brochure for the top leadership of the Soviet army "Features of national, tribal relations in Afghan society and its army." A large section is dedicated to the Hazaras It says: “The Hazaras, the third largest ethnic group, are the descendants of the Mongol conquerors who settled Afghanistan in the 13th century. They live mainly in the central part of the country - Hazarijat (the region includes the provinces of Gur, Uzurgan, Bamiyan), as well as in a number of large cities - Kabul, Kandahar, Mazar-i-Sharif and Balkh. The total number is about 1.5 million people. They speak a special dialect of the Tajik language (Khazarachi). The largest Hazara tribes, such as the Junguri, live in the vast territory of the western regions - Hazarijat (Central Afghanistan), in the southern part of the country (Uzurgan), in the north (Dankund tribe), northeast (Danwali, Yak-Aulangi, Sheikh Ali ) and in the east (behsud). The Hazaras maintained their independence for a long time. Only in 1892, the Afghan emir Abdurahman managed to conquer Hazarijat with the help of Pashtun nomadic tribes. Here you need to pay attention to the province of Bamyan, where the oldest Buddha statues were located, 35 and 53 meters high, which were blown up last year by the Taliban. Our attention may also be drawn to such tribal names as Dzunguri, which obviously means “Zungars” and “Behsud”. Among the Derbets of Kalmykia there is an aran called “beksyud”. It is quite possible that Gennady Shalkhakov met with some of the representatives of the above-mentioned tribes in Afghanistan. The scientist V. Kislyakov in the journal “Soviet Ethnography” in No. 4 of 1973 published an article “Hazaras, aimaks, Mughals” (on the question of their origin and settlement) - which says: “The problem of the ethnogenesis of the Hazaras has long attracted the attention of researchers. The interest in this people is explained, first of all, by its most pronounced Mongoloid identity among all the peoples speaking Iranian languages... It is important to emphasize that the very name of the Hazaras is associated with the numeral “Khazar”, which means “thousand” in Persian. And in the era of Mongol expansion, this term meant a detachment of warriors of 1000 people. In general, most folk legends connect the origin of the Hazaras with Genghis Khan and his successors... V. Bartold already called the Hazaras “Iranized Mongols.” G. Schurmann believes that after Timur exterminated the troops of the Chagaytai prince Nikuder, the Hazaras moved to the east, modern Hazarjat, and settled there. They adopted the culture of the local Iranian inhabitants with whom they mixed. According to L. Temirkhanov, the Hazaras are a people formed as a result of the synthesis of Mongolian and Tajik elements. It should also be noted that not far from the city of Herat is the city of Sari-Puli, which the Hazaras call Sarpul, just as we call Stavropol. Anatoly DZHAVINOV

You know, I’ve been thinking about this for a long time, why our already small people are so scattered all over the world,” said Doctor of Philology Boris Okonov in one of our conversations, “and I still haven’t found the answer.” In addition to the fact that there are Terek, Ural (Orenburg) and Don (Buzavs), we also know about the Kyrgyz and Chinese Kalmyks. I'm not even talking about those who were scattered throughout Europe and America by the Civil and Patriotic Wars.
— Yes, but 25 years ago Professor D.A. Pavlov told me about the Hazaras who have Mongolian roots and live in Afghanistan,” I said, “unfortunately, almost nothing is known about them.
- Hazaras? — Tavun Shalkhakov, who participated in our conversation, said questioningly, “my brother met with them in Afghanistan.”
— How did you meet, who was he, when did you meet? — Unable to bear it, I blurted out several questions at once.
— During the war, around 1987, my brother served in the Airborne Forces (airborne troops) and was a reconnaissance officer. Naran Ilishkin wrote about him.
- Okay, I'll find out about this. But tell me how he met with the Hazaras?
“Those who fought, who saw the blood and dirt of war, talk little about it. Only when the “regiments” meet, they will occasionally interject: “Do you remember?”, and then there’s a long, tense silence. So this is what my brother told me: “During one of the raids, in the reconnaissance group there were two or three young soldiers who had not yet been fired upon, we were ambushed. Based on targeted and calculated shooting, it became clear that the enemy was experienced, and it would not be possible to break through the ring without losses. A young machine gunner was wounded, another grabbed his leg and was also wounded. And then, I still don’t understand why I did this, in a jump, rolled over another cover, threw off my helmet and body armor, grabbed a machine gun, jumped up and shouted in my native language: “Ezyan zalgsn elmrmud, namag avhar bayant? Avtshatn!” - and fired a long burst from the RPK (Kalashnikov light machine gun). Suddenly it became quiet. Only by the careful crunch of pebbles did it become clear that the enemy was leaving. But why didn't they kill us all? After all, they had an excellent position. This became known later. And then, having called a helicopter and sent the wounded, we moved on. We had a task - to reconnoiter the paths through the pass.
Guard senior lieutenant of the Airborne Forces Gennady Shalkhakov regularly wrote from Afghanistan to the famous journalist Naran Ilishkin for two years. Here are the lines from these letters.
September 1986 “I met a fellow countryman sergeant from the Iki-Burul region. It's hard for them, young people. I understand them. It’s calm there, at home in the Union. And here? Severe physical and moral stress. Mountains. Ambushes. Shooting... But the guys are holding up well...
December 1986 “... The service is going well. The guys are good. We often go to the mountains. There’s snow there... Sometimes it’s difficult... We help the Afghan units, take prisoners, weapons... Oh, how the guys need physical training... We underestimate this at home.”
June 1987. “It’s been exactly a week since I arrived at my native company (I was on vacation)... In the evening I already left for the mountains. Again I felt the familiar weight of my machine gun. Unfortunately, as in any war, there are casualties. A soldier died on this trip... It was hard, offensive and bitter. I feel sorry for the guy. I feel incredibly sorry... I remember my vacation as something far away.”
December 1987. “... We returned from the mountains. It's cold there. The task was completed... The other day was New Year. But at this time I will be in the mountains... Tied somehow to Afghanistan. I want Afghans to live in peace..."
Short, concise, but succinct lines. It is immediately obvious that a military man wrote. Nothing extra. Later I asked Naran Ulanovich if he said anything about the meeting with the Hazaras. The answer was short - no.
— Having reached the slope of another high-rise building, the scouts sat down to rest. Out of habit, we took up a perimeter defense. No smoking. You can only take a sip of water.
Suddenly, a small dark boy jumped out from behind a boulder and shouted: “Shuravi, mend, yamaran byanchi,” he laughed and immediately ran away. For a moment it seemed to me that I was in Ketchenery or Yashkul,” recalled Gennady Shalkhakov, “I was ready for any battle, but from this... I was confused and shouted after the boy: “Kembchi, hamahas irvchi?” - but there was no trace of him. At that time, I already spoke a little Pashto and Dari (Afghan dialects of Persian), and my comrades thought that I spoke their language, but I was literally in shock - where did the Kalmyk boy come from? “While he was thinking, he came running again and, approaching me, said: “Chamag mana aksakalmud kyulazhyanya, joviy!” I got up and followed the boy, not understanding anything.
Their village was nearby. Old people were sitting at the dastarkhan. The headdresses are made of good astrakhan wool, but for some reason the top is made of yellow silk. They greeted me affably, mixing Kalmyk, Mongolian and Dari, treated me to green tea, and started talking. I asked: “Where are the Kalmyks from here? “They answered: “We are not Kalmyks, we are Hazaras. And they came here during the time of the great and invincible Genghis Khan, we are their descendants, therefore we have preserved the language, customs and traditions. »
Their language was preserved at the level of the 13th-14th centuries, so I didn’t understand some words, but I guessed the meaning. Only listening to the ancient speech did I understand why we survived in the recent battle. And for a moment, imagining the indomitable Mongolian tumens, I thought, these are the kind of warriors it would not be scary to go into battle with.
In confirmation of the words of Gennady Shalkhakov, I found the following lines in the newspaper “Top Secret” No. 1 of 2002 about modern Hazaras: “In the province of Kapisa, I had the opportunity to observe the training of the so-called Hazara battalion. I peer into the impassive faces of the soldiers. Their slanted eyes are empty. And they, perhaps, will go into battle again tomorrow. That is why indifference to possible death looks unnatural and frightening. Wild and cruel, among other nationalities inhabiting the country, they have always been considered the lowest caste... And they are ready to fight against the Taliban and die in the name of the illusory idea of ​​​​creating their own state - Hazarajat.”
So what kind of people are the Hazaras? The Soviet and New Encyclopedic Dictionaries devoted only 2-3 lines to this people, which say, I quote: “The Hazaras (self-named Khazars), a people in Afghanistan (1.7 million people 1995) and Iran (220 thousand people .). Language of the Iranian group. The believers are Shiite Muslims.” Modestly and actually nothing was said.
The famous Mongolian scholar BL. Vladimirtsov, in his book “Genghis Khan”, published in 1922, writes that after the murder of his ambassadors, the “Shaker of the Universe” began a war against Khorezmshah Ala-ad-din-Muhammad, who owned Turkestan, Afghanistan and Persia. By the way, it should be noted that it was Genghis Khan who introduced the custom of always protecting and protecting ambassadors, which is strictly observed to this day throughout the world. From 1219 to 1222, having defeated the enemy, Genghis Khan returned to his native Nutug, leaving garrisons in the conquered territory.
During the war years, the Central Committee of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan prepared a brochure for the top leadership of the Soviet army, “Features of national, tribal relations in Afghan society and its army.”
A substantial section is dedicated to the Hazaras. It says: “The Hazaras, the third largest ethnic group, are the descendants of the Mongol conquerors who settled Afghanistan in the 13th century. They live mainly in the central part of the country - Hazarijat (the region includes the provinces of Gur, Uzurgan, Bamiyan), as well as in a number of large cities - Kabul, Kandahar, Mazar-i-Sharif and Balkh. The total number is about 1.5 million people. They speak a special dialect of the Tajik language (Khazarachi). The largest Hazara tribes, such as the Junguri, live in the vast territory of the western regions - Hazarijat (Central Afghanistan), in the southern part of the country (Uzurgan), in the north (Dankund tribe), northeast (Danwali, Yak-Aulangi, Sheikh Ali ) and in the east (behsud).
The Hazaras maintained their independence for a long time. Only in 1892 did the Afghan emir Abdurrahman manage to conquer Hazarijat with the help of Pashtun nomadic tribes
Here you need to pay attention to the province of Bamiyan, where the oldest Buddha statues were located, 35 and 53 meters high, which were blown up last year by the Taliban.
Tribal names such as Dzunguri, which obviously means “Zungars” and “Behsud,” may also attract our attention. Among the Derbets of Kalmykia there is an aran called “beksyud”. It is quite possible that Gennady Shalkhakov met with some of the representatives of the above-mentioned tribes in Afghanistan.
The scientist V. Kislyakov in the journal “Soviet Ethnography” in No. 4 of 1973 published an article “Hazaras, aimaks, Mughals” (on the question of their origin and settlement), which says: “The problem of the ethnogenesis of the Hazaras has long attracted the attention of researchers. The interest in this people is explained, first of all, by its most pronounced Mongoloid character among all the peoples speaking Iranian languages...
It is important to emphasize that the very name of the Hazaras is associated with the numeral “Khazar”, which means “thousand” in Persian. And in the era of Mongol expansion, this term meant a detachment of warriors of 1000 people. In general, most folk legends connect the origin of the Hazaras with Genghis Khan and his successors... V. Bartold already called the Hazaras “Iranized Mongols.” G. Schurmann believes that after Timur exterminated the troops of the Chagaytai prince Nikuder, the Hazaras moved to the east, modern Hazarjat, and settled there. They adopted the culture of the local Iranian inhabitants with whom they mixed. According to L. Temirkhanov, the Hazaras are a people formed as a result of the synthesis of Mongolian and Tajik elements.
It should also be noted that not far from the city of Herat is the city of Sari-Puli, which the Hazaras call Sarpul, just as we call Stavropol.